向左轉、向右轉——北京四合院在中國社會主義路線修正過程中的轉化

Abstract

對於北京四合院及其保存的論文所在多有，但是，多僅止於表面形式上敘述，少能對北京四合院社會歷史建構與改變的過程提出分析。本研究通過對北京市舊城區1949年以來關於城市土地及房屋的歷史資料整理，以及對於在地居民、產權人等的深度訪談，梳理出近代北京四合院的空間演化過程──四合院->大雜院->新四合院，並嘗試探討在這個過程中空間與社會之間的相互影響與轉化。 本研究的核心內容，初始為觀察四合院空間的轉變，如何從完好的四合院，一度成為人人厭惡的大雜院，而近年又搖身一變成為炙手可熱的高級四合院房地產。在研究四合院表面的轉變時，不得不進一步深入探究這個過程中的政治制度與社會氛圍的轉變，如何最終導致空間的形變與質變。論文章節安排如下： 第一章交代研究緣起、研究問題以及研究方法，說明由於兩岸特殊的政治與歷史條件下產生的異同與研究興趣，以及選定北京四合院作為討論起點的研究旨趣； 第二章「一家一院」，通過文獻資料的回顧與整理，分析北京四合院作為基本民居的主要營造類型及其變化，以此作為後續討論的基礎。並分析此基本民居的營造類型，從皇城走向民城的政治與社會歷史脈絡，以及其中的產權轉變過程。 第三章「院牆的瓦解」，則藉由田野調查與深入訪談案例，詳細分析北京四合院逐步轉成「大雜院」的空間形塑與社會變遷過程，並藉以作為理解下一階段劇烈變動的重要脈絡； 第四章「改革開放四合院」，分析改革開放後社會主義路線修正如何引致四合院的進一步轉型，藉由東四八條與「經租房」案例，指出官商一體的本質如何左右北京四合院的存續或消亡，深入理解空間轉型中的政治與經濟過程。 第五章結論，歸納整理本研究對於空間知識領域的些許填補成果，並提出對於空間專業界在實踐上的反省與啟發。

This research investigated how the Beijing courtyard houses were transformed into hodgepodge houses under China’s Socialist Reformation. After the civil war in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party still aroused several important political movements to consolidate the regime. Meanwhile, in the name of constructing Socialist Nation, those private Beijing courtyard houses were viewed as huge resources to dispose. By sophisticated ways, those fine courtyard houses were arranged for extra households overloadedly by the government, and gradually regarded even by the property owners as “public property”, therefore the Da Za Yuan (hodgepodge houses) were emerged decades after. As this paper concluded in the title, this is a period of “Turning Left”. After 1978, Deng’s policy brought the “Turning Right” phase. Accompanied by the “Opening and Reform”, those households and original property owners were stroke severely again. And the Beijing courtyard houses were facing another transforming battle.

Based on in-depth interviews of Beijing local residents and a mass of published/unpublished documents, this paper explained how the transformation processes happened and the struggle between residents, property owners and government agents.

Keywords: Beijing, courtyard houses, transformation, Socialism, property rights