法籍華語學習者描述運動事件之動詞組合研究- 兼論母語對於空間視點之影響

Abstract

先行研究對於運動事件中運動動詞之使用，已有相當豐碩之研究成果，然而其大多聚焦於語言類型學之分類上，對於外籍學習者因母語與中文於語言類型本質上之差異，而在描述運動事件時所造成之偏誤，著墨不多。為補足此項缺口，本研究以中高級程度之法籍華語學習者為對象，從認知語言學之層面切入，觀察、分析法籍華語學習者於描述運動事件時對於運動動詞之選用，並更進一步聚焦於「來」、「去」動詞之運用及轉換。 就語言類型學之層面來看，中文為一平衡框架語言，而法文為一動詞框架語言；本研究於此分類基準之上，請十位中文母語者以及二十位中高級程度之法籍華語學習者進行口語敘事研究，針對實驗所得之語料進行編碼、分析。本研究請受試者觀看包含「垂直」及「水平」方向之實際運動位移之漫畫內容後，分別以中文旁觀者、母語法文以及中文第一人稱視角進行口語描述。 實驗分析可分為下列三大部分──運動動詞組合之使用情形、運動動詞組合中「來」、「去」動詞之選用以及「來」、「去」動詞作為空間定位之視點確立。研究發現中文母語人士在描述運動事件時，習慣以「運動方式」+「運動方向」+「空間定位」之複合動詞結構進行描述，對於「來」、「去」動詞及視點的選擇皆會隨著說話者與運動實體間的關係而自由地轉換。上述之特點對於高級程度之法籍受試者來說，雖未能在語言表現上達到中文母語人士之程度，然而仍較中級程度之受試者更為接近中文母語人士之水平。整體而言，中高級程度之法籍受試者在以中文進行描述時，仍會受到母語法文之影響，而出現較為接近動詞框架語言類型之動詞結構。最後筆者針對上述所觀察到之特點給予教學建議，期望對華語教學有所助益。

The use of motion verbs in motion events has been widely studied. While most studies focus on the typological classification of languages, few studies have been conducted in the field of the second language acquisition, especially the impact of typological divergence on the acquisition of Chinese. To remedy this gap, the present study aims at examining the use of Chinese motion verbs by advanced French learners of Chinese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, with a special focus on the use of the verbs 'Lai（come）' and 'Qu（go）' in Chinese as spatial deixis. From a typological perspective, Chinese and French have been classified respectively as equipollently-framed language and verb-framed language. Based on the above classification, an oral narrative task was completed by 10 Chinese native speakers and 20 advanced French learners of Chinese. After watching 10 comics containing actual displacement in both 'vertical' and 'horizontal' directions, subjects were asked to describe the pictures from the viewpoint of bystanders and that of protagonist in Chinese and French. Our results showed that native Chinese speakers tend to use serial verb constructions containing 'manner' + 'path' + 'deictic' when describing motion events. Meanwhile, the choice of verbs 'Lai' and 'Qu' differed according to the relation between narrator and the moving entity. Last but not least, while the narrative performance of advanced learners did not reach the level of competence that native speakers have, they can still use Chinese serial verb constructions better than intermediate learners.