語料庫詞彙研究：語氣副詞「真的」、「實在」、「的確」、「確實」使用辨析與教學建議

Abstract

語氣在語言的使用與溝通上一直都是不可忽視的存在。雖然語氣和相關的語氣副詞在定義上還有些許爭議，可是經由本論文梳理過去的參考文獻後，依然認為「語氣副詞」是必要的副詞分類。「語氣副詞」具有某種程度的主觀性，用以表達說話者的立場，且帶有情感色彩。本論文選擇一組經常使用且具有肯定意涵的語氣副詞「真的」、「實在」、「的確」、「確實」作為代表研究，發現在華語教學的現行教材中大多難以將這四個近義詞辨明清楚，過去的研究也幾乎沒有將這四詞同時作為研究對象。因此本論文檢索了中研院語料庫、政大口語語料庫以及國家研究院COCT口語語料庫，希望同時藉由書面語料和口語語料檢視這四詞的實際使用情形，並和過去研究進行比較。本論文特別針對幾點議題探討：這四詞和程度副詞、句末語氣助詞的搭配情形，以及出現在正面負面語境的情形與可能成因。最後，本論文整理這四詞使用上的異同，並且提供華語教師簡明的教學建議。

“Modal” has always been a non-negligible existence when using language and communicating, while the “modal adverb” is not always regarded as a major category of adverbs. However, after referring to a large amount of literature, the study confirms that the “modal adverb” is still a legitimate and essential adverb type. “Modal adverb” can be used to express the speakers’ stance and sentiment, thus possessing subjectivity to some degree. This study researches four affirmative adverbs often used in daily life, i.e. zhende, shizai, dique and queshi. This study found that most Chinese teaching materials fail to make a clear distinction among these four synonyms and past researches have not yet compared these four words at the same time. As a result, this study aims to examine these four words based on both written and spoken corpora, including Sinica Corpus, NCCU Corpus of Spoken Taiwan Mandarin, and Corpus of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin. Particularly, this study addresses the following issues: how these four words collocate with adverb of degree and modal particles, if these four words are used in a positive or negative context, and the reason how the collocations are formed. Finally, this study summarizes how these four words differ from each other and provides teaching implications for Chinese language teachers.