莊子與骷髏：敘事文學中的多重對話

Abstract

長久以來，《莊子》被歷代人們所推崇，在於其豐富的哲理思想與高超的文學表現手法。這些思想，對生命和死亡有深刻的詮釋和理解，並藉由「三言」來傳遞給讀者，而「三言」，就是與讀者對話的語言。「蝴蝶夢」與「髑髏夢」是《莊子》當中經常被取材的寓言，也唯有二者是莊子本人所做的夢；「蝴蝶夢」已有較多專文討論，在此故以「髑髏夢」的重寫文本為主要的研究對象。 「髑髏夢」寓言，本身就是莊子和髑髏之間的對談，其後代的重寫文本，也不斷地與原文本交錯對話。本論文從文人和通俗大眾兩大脈絡進行論述，試圖探討歷代人們藉由「髑髏夢」的重寫，表達他們對莊子思想的詮釋，以及對生死的看法，人們從中獲得身心之安頓，作品更反映了時代背景和創作者的主體精神。在這個過程中，我們能看到雅俗文化駁雜共處，並持續與宗教交匯融合對話，使得這個主題始終保持著獨特的生命力，「髑髏夢」的重寫與創造，將永不休止。

Since ancient times The Zhuangzi has been well respected because of its profound philosophical insights and brilliant literary skills. These ideas, containing a deep understanding and interpretation of life and death, reach to readers through “three modes of discourse” (or “san-yen”). In other words, “three modes of discourse” serve as the language for Zhuangzi to communicate with his readers. Among all the fables in the Zhuangzi, ' not only have “The Butterfly Dream' and 'The Skull Dream' been adapted more commonly, but they also are the only two dreams that are dreamed by Zhuangzi himself. However, since 'The Butterfly Dream' has gained more attention within academic discussion, this thesis focuses on the rewritten texts of 'The Skull Dream' instead. 'The Skull Dream' is composed of the conversation between Zhuangzi and the skull. Besides, the rewritten texts also keep conversing with the original text. This thesis attempts to deal with the adapting history of 'The Skull Dream' from two sides—the context of the literati and the one of the public, in the hope of discussing how the rewritten text itself reveals each writer’s own interpretation of Zhuangzi’s idea and one’s own attitude towards life and death. Through this process, one finds physical and mental comfort, and the work in turn reflects the background of the time and the spirit of the poet. To conclude, we may see how the coexistence of high culture and popular culture, accompanied by its continuous interactions with religion, overall enable the theme to maintain a lively quality. The rewriting and creating of 'The Skull Dream' shall never cease.