試論梁漱溟的文化─社會發展觀

Abstract

梁漱溟為五四重要思想家之一，經歷東西文化論戰、鄉村建設與共產黨建國，對中國文化與社會的前途持獨特見解。在現代中國秩序變遷的問題上，梁漱溟提出了著名的「文化三路向」說，既肯定了中國文化對人類具有普遍意義，又認為中國因中國文化的早啟，而有其特殊的現代道路。 拙文除了討論「文化三路向」說的理論內涵，並嘗試釐清此說與梁氏一生思想發展的關係。換言之，拙文以為梁氏思想包含著兩個相連的層面：他如何提出其理論，以及他如何面對該理論的成敗。拙文以為，梁氏以他對本體、心、我這三個觀念的認定，導出對「歷史的始終」、「人的能力」、以及「問題的根源與解決動力」的理解，既確立了他對中國文化與社會發展的見解，亦確立了梁氏面對成敗的胸懷。

Liang Shu-ming(1895~1988) was one of the most important thinkers in twentieth- century China. He was known for his view of cultural-social development. In this view, He asserted that the essence of Chinese culture would ultimately lead all human beings to the Buddhist liberation in the future and make Chinese society a unique process of evolution. In this study, I attempt to clarify the structure of conceptions in Liang’s view by reviewing all of Liang’s writings in his life, and suggests that Liang’s understanding of three issue: “the beginning and end of history”, “human ability” and “the ultimate cause of the all human problems and the dynamic of solving it ” was based on his epistemology of three central ideas: the nature of being, human mind(xin), and self, On which Liangs built his of cultural-social development and his attitude of life.