從刑法期待可能性概念論軍職人員依上級違法命令之行為 -以＜德國邊境圍牆守衛案＞為核心探討素材-

Abstract

本文認為行為人行為是否具有期待可能性最核心的判斷標準應為：「是否行為人當時之處境，幾乎所有與行為人同類型之人立於行為人之處境皆無可能為法所期待之行為，若肯定的話，就可認為行為人為適法行為無期待可能性，即於行為人處境之下，行為人對於該違法行為之反對動機遠小於行為動機時，則可認定行為人為適法行為不具有期待可能性」。在德國邊境圍牆守衛案中，邊境守衛是處於一個完全異於現代民主社會價值觀之極權社會中，基於當時東德整個政治生活環境氛圍，政府對人民強力為政治意識型態灌輸及形塑對於西德資本主義社會的敵對態度，再加上邊境守衛從小所接受的社會主義教育，一再強調對國家政府忠誠的重要性，而灌輸其叛逃的人民是國家及全體人民公敵的概念，另外考量到極權政府下軍隊中之個人所具有的反抗可能性，應認為東德邊境守衛當時所為的射殺行為，雖然依據理性的行為標準，應被評價為不法行為，但在評價行為人責任時，考慮到行為人當時所處之時代環境係極端異於現今價值觀之環境，且行為人在軍事組織中係處於最底層無任何決斷權力之執行國家指令的角色，應認為行為人在當時不為射殺行為之行為反對動機應遠低於為射殺行為以阻止人民逃亡之行為動機，因而應認定行為人在當時脈絡下欠缺為合法行為之期待可能性，其射殺行為若無行為人本身特殊可期待情形的話，應認為行為人之行為欠缺期待可能性而得阻卻刑事責任。

The conclusion of this thesis will be as follows. The standard to estimate the “Possibility of Expectation (Zumutbarkeit)” under the Criminal Law should be “when people at the point of the time to act, the incentive not to offense the Criminal Law is much smaller than the incentive to take that action, and we can’t expect people to take that legal action. We can affirm that to expect people taking a legal action at that point is impossible.” According to the “Mauerschützen” Case in Germany”, under the milieu of East Germany totalitarian despotism where the nation strongly implanted ideology concept to their people, the frontier guard received socialism education which accentuated the importance of royalty to their nation. In addition, the frontier guard in the military was at the lowest position and had no right or power to make any decision.Therefore, when we think about the milieu at that time and the frontier guard’s position in the military, the action to shot the escaped citizens should be considered that the action didn’t offense the Criminal Law because there was no “Possibility of Expectation (Zumutbarkeit)” to ask the frontier guard to take a legal action not to shot the citizens.