漢語含情態詞之附加問句

Abstract

至今已有諸多研究探討含有詞組性空範疇的刪略結構於不同詞組的刪略現象，如名詞組、動詞組、屈折詞組以及補語詞組（如：附加問句）。然而，現存文獻多以英語為主要分析的語言，而目前僅有少數的近期研究探析此句法結構於漢語中的體現。承繼前述學者對漢語刪略結構的關注，本論文的目標即為詳盡地深究漢語情態詞於附加問句中所表現的句法行為。 根據自省語料的測試結果，本研究發現判定情態詞能否出現於漢語附加問句的條件取決於情態詞與無生性空代詞共現的可能性。由於動力性的情態詞對其主語具備有生性的選擇限制，因此僅有認知性和義務性的情態詞得以出現於漢語的附加問句。再者，前行句與附加問句之中的情態詞並不具備嚴格的對應關係，故附加問句得以與不具情態詞、具有相異情態詞、具多重情態詞的前行句共現。同時，附加問句與多元句型結構之共現，如並列複句、從屬複句、包孕句亦獲證實。 此外，本研究對漢語附加問句句法生成結構的重新闡述支持原則和參數理論，亦即前行句應同屬漢語與英語附加問句中的其一成分。漢語的疑問助詞與英語的[+疑問]徵性更反映跨語言中附加問句的疑問本質。 至於教學建議，本研究主張漢語附加問句應被列為教材中獨立的語法結構。除了常見的篇章動詞如「對」、「是」和「好」，情態詞亦為可出現於漢語附加問句中之動詞類別。

Much research has analyzed ellipsis constructions at different phrasal categories, such as NP, VP, IP, and CP (e.g., tag questions). Nevertheless, studies on these phenomena mainly focus on English, with only recent efforts examining their syntactic manifestations in Mandarin Chinese. Following the past scholars’ explorations in Mandarin Chinese, the goal of this thesis is to thoroughly investigate the syntactic behavior of modal verbs across different modalities in Chinese tag questions. The results from the introspective corpus testing show that the criteria responsible for the legitimacy of modal verbs in Chinese tag questions are determined by the modal verbs’ eligibility to co-occur with the inanimate pro. Since dynamic modal verbs impose restrictions on subject animacy, only epistemic and deontic modal verbs can form Chinese tag questions. Moreover, the modal verbs in the antecedent clause and the tag question do not need to correspond strictly, as tag questions can co-occur with antecedent clauses without modal verbs, with different modal verbs, or even multiple modal verbs. At the same time, the compatibility with various clausal constructions, i.e., coordinated sentences, subordinated sentences, and embedded sentences is also confirmed. Moreover, the reformulation of the syntactic derivation mechanism of Chinese tag questions supports the principles and parameters framework that the antecedent clause should be an element within both Chinese and English tag questions. The existence of the Q particle and the [+Q] feature reflects the interrogative nature of tag questions cross-linguistically. With respect to pedagogical implications, this thesis proposes that Chinese tag questions be recognized as an independent grammatical construction. Aside from common discourse verbs such as dui, shi, and hao, modal verbs represent another category of verbs that frequently appears in Chinese tag questions.