物質、技術與社群：宜蘭縣丸山遺址陶器製造技術探討

Abstract

回顧丸山遺址過去的研究，諸多類型學分析、空間分析、土地利用、自然環境及墓葬現象等面向的討論，這些研究已描繪出史前丸山社群可能的生業型態、聚落樣貌、生產組織或儀式活動，並指出社群可能存在的社會差異與文化互動關係。然而過去研究皆未針對丸山遺址出土陶器的「製作技術」進行深入的研究，相關討論多侷限於器物形制的類型學分析或陶土內含物來源的辨識。由於基礎研究資料的缺乏，目前考古學界對於史前丸山地區的製陶技術傳統、生產與交換並無太多著墨。 本研究以陶器製作「技術」作為切入角度，運用操作鍊的理論框架以及屬性分析、岩象分析的方法，提供一個有別於傳統類型學的視野檢視丸山遺址出土的陶質遺留，嘗試從技術實踐過程的視角來認識史前人群的社會文化生活。本研究首先試圖辨識丸山遺址有無本地與外來陶器之別，進而比較本地與外來各類陶器的技術差異，接著分析遺址中不同空間、層位出土陶器的技術多樣性及變遷的可能，最後將分析結果放回遺址的脈絡理解，並從生態、技術功能與社會文化的角度加以詮釋。 屬性分析及岩象分析的結果指出，丸山遺址出土的陶器可以依原料的地質來源以及陶土製備、燒製的技術分為本地與外來兩類。本地陶器可能以遺址附近的羅東溪、冬山河或蘭陽溪流域的原料製成，內含大量中、粗砂級的沉積岩與變質岩屑，其製作技術在遺址時空脈絡中的變化反映了人、物及環境在長時間的複雜互動過程中如何影響著製陶技術樣貌的形塑；外來陶器則可能來自臺灣東部海岸山脈地區兩個或以上的地質來源和製作傳統，相較於本地陶器，外來陶器以細砂級的火成岩屑為主，且在製作上可能有著更為嚴格的技術控制與標準，丸山社群很可能在很長的一段時間內持續引入品質接近且精緻的外來陶器，這些外來陶器在遺址不同空間的分布異同似乎還暗示了史前丸山社群複雜的社交網絡及社會結構。

Reviewing past research on the WanShan site, discussions have covered various aspects such as typology, spatial analysis, land use, natural environment, and burial practices. These studies have outlined the possible livelihood patterns, settlement pattern, production organization, and ritual activities of the prehistoric WanShan community, while also highlighting potential social distinction and cultural interactions within the community. However, previous research has not delved deeply into the "ceramic manufacturing technology" of WanShan community. Most related discussions have been limited to typologies or the identification of the sources of materials. Due to the lack of foundational research data, the archaeological community currently has limited knowledge about the pottery-making traditions and exchange systems in the prehistoric WanShan. This study focused on the "technology" of pottery manufacture, employing the theoretical framework of chaîne opératoire along with attribute analysis and ceramic petrographic analysis. This approach offers a perspective distinct from traditional typological approach to examine the ceramic remains unearthed from WanShan site. By examining the process of ceramic technical practice, the study aims to gain insights into the social and cultural life of prehistoric WanShan. This thesis research first detected the origins of ceramic remains, then compared the technical differences between local and non-local pottery, then analyzed the technological diversity and changes in pottery from different spatial and stratigraphic contexts of the site. Finally, the results were interpreted within the broader context of the site, incorporating perspectives from ecology, technical function, and socio-cultural dynamics. The results of attribute analysis and petrographic analysis indicate that the pottery from WanShan site can be categorized into two types — local and non-local — based on the geological origin of raw materials as well as the techniques used in clay preparation and firing. Local pottery was made from raw materials sourced from the catchment areas of the Luodong(羅東) River, Dongshan(冬山) River, and Lanyang(蘭陽) River near the site. These materials contained a large amount of medium- and coarse-grained sedimentary and metamorphic rock fragments. Differences in the manufacturing technology of local pottery within different spatiotemporal context of the site reflect how the long-term, complex interactions among people, materials, and the environment, and this shaped the development of pottery-making techniques. In contrast, non-local pottery likely originated from two or more geological regions and production traditions of the Coastal Range region of eastern Taiwan. Compared to local pottery, non-local pottery primarily featured fine-grained volcanic rock fragments and appears to have been produced under stricter technical controls and standardized processes. WanShan community likely continued to import high-quality and refined non-local pottery over an extended period. The similarities and differences in the manufacturing technology of non-local pottery across different spatial contexts of the site further suggest the existence of a complex social network and social structure within the prehistoric WanShan had continually introduced non-local pottery community.