人格變化對心理適應之影響：台灣家庭動態調查之探索

Abstract

人格反映了個體的思考、行為及感受的機制，是組成個體自我概念的重要成分。即使人格具有跨時間穩定的特質，但也存在改變的屬性。本研究旨在探討人格如何改變，以及這些變化對心理適應的影響。本文透過台灣家庭動態調查資料庫分析大五人格的變化趨勢（N = 151），及其對心理適應的影響。首先，本研究探討兩個時間點的大五人格變化是否有不同，及其是否會隨著年齡依循成熟原則產生變化。接著，研究以人格的方向性變化、非方向性變化、人格一致性及人格總變化量四項指標，預測人格變化對個體心理適應的影響，並同時觀察年齡及性別在預測模型中的調節效果。再者，由於發現年齡與組別的高度相關性，本研究亦將組別作為補充的調節分析探討其結果穩定性。綜合所有研究結果顯示，人格會隨著時間產生變化，但這種變化與年齡較非線性關係，而是在不同年齡段呈現不同的變化趨勢。人格的非方向性變化對個體的身心健康有較顯著的影響效果，且這一影響在成年晚期（41歲以上）更為明顯。這說明個體到了成年晚期，需維持人格一致性才能帶來正面的心理適應狀態，反而個體若有長期的人格變動性會對心理適應產生負面影響。最後，本研究針對研究結果及其限制進行了討論，並提供了未來在人格變化研究中可延伸的方向及建議。

Personality, encompassing an individual's thoughts, behaviors, and feelings, significantly shapes one's sense of self. While traditionally considered stable, personality also possesses attributes of change. This study aims to explore how personality changes over time and its impact on psychological well-being. Using data from the Panel study of Family Dynamics (PSFD, N = 151), we analyzed trends in the Big Five personality traits and their effects on psychological well-being. Initially, we examined whether the Big Five personality traits differed across two time points and if these changes followed age-related maturity principles. Subsequently, we predicted the effects of personality changes on psychological well-being using four indicators: directional change, non-directional change, personality consistency, and sum of absolute differences. We also observed the moderating effects of age and gender in our prediction model. Given the high correlation between age and tracking groups, we included group as an additional moderator to test the stability of the results. The results showed that personality does change over time, but these changes exhibit a non-linear relationship with age, displaying different trends across various age groups. Non-directional changes in personality significantly impact psychological well-being, particularly in late adulthood (age 41 and above). This finding suggests that maintaining personality consistency is crucial for positive psychological adaptation in late adulthood, whereas prolonged personality instability negatively affects psychological well-being. Finally, we discussed the findings and limitations of the study, offering suggestions for future research directions in the study of personality change.