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標題: | 由著作權到著佐權-從著作權法及競爭法交錯之角度分析電腦程式著作授權契約 From Copyright to Copyleft -An Analysis of Software Licensing Agreements from the Perspective of Interface Between Copyright and Competition Law |
作者: | Kun-Lin Wu 巫昆霖 |
指導教授: | 黃銘傑 |
關鍵字: | 電腦程式著作,自由軟體,GNU GPL授權契約,科技保護措施,還原工程,鎖入效應, computer program,free software,GNU GPL,technological protection measures,reverse engineering,proprietary lock-in, |
出版年 : | 2009 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 自由軟體的歷史雖然僅有二十餘年,惟不可諱言地,其於電腦軟體發展的短暫歷史上已具有不可抹滅的重要性。雖然自由軟體並未顛覆相關市場上專屬軟體仍占多數的情形,然而自由軟體的出現,不僅提供使用者另一種技術上的「選擇」可能性,其藉由授權契約之設計賦與使用者「自由」的思維,亦啟蒙各類釋出私有權利供公眾利用的運動,於後如火如荼地展開。
自由軟體運動既代表公眾對於專屬軟體發展趨勢的反動,則形塑整體制度架構的GNU GPL授權契約,其重要性即不言可喻。然而,GNU GPL授權於我國著作權法制上既被定位為授權契約,則考究電腦程式著作授權契約於我國法制上的定位即顯必要。本文即以此為切入點,闡述電腦程式著作授權契約的立法歷史,並針對電腦程式殊異於其他類型著作的強烈功能性反映於著作權法上的相關原理原則加以研析,而後就電腦程式授權契約於法律上的定性加以說明,嘗試釐清電腦程式授權契約的成立基礎。 於理解電腦程式具備的強烈功能性對應於授權契約的特異之處後,以現況為基礎,本文嘗試針對專屬軟體授權契約的實態加以剖析。由於專屬軟體並未開放原始碼,技術上即已限制使用者就專屬軟體加以修改的可能性,然而著作權人多進一步利用授權契約課與被授權人不得修改的義務,並對於電腦程式著作附加受著作權法保護的科技保護措施,藉由「科技-法律-契約」多管齊下的方式,嚴密控制被授權人的行為態樣。然而此類限制於著作權法上的效力為何?以及事業利用授權契約而濫用市場地位或為不公平競爭的行為,著作權人應受到競爭法何等規範之拘束?本文嘗試檢視專屬軟體的各類授權條款,並闡釋其於著作權法以及競爭法上可能受到的評價。 於闡述專屬軟體授權契約於著作權法與競爭法上的評價後,本文續以相同標準,審查身為自由軟體運動要角的GNU GPL授權契約。以自由軟體運動的發展作為背景,本文嘗試解說GNU GPL授權契約的基本架構,並基於其核心概念,分析其於著作權法及公平交易法上之定位。一般對於GNU GPL授權契約的討論,多侷限於契約法以及著作權法上的論述,並且因為言說者的立場不同,呈現眾說紛紜的氛圍。然而本文所關注者既為電腦著作的本質,以及藉由著作權保護電腦程式的不合理處,而專屬軟體授權契約或多成為廠商約束使用者的打手,並且於一定情形下亦減損了相關市場的競爭質量,故本文除論述GNU GPL授權契約於著作權法上的意義外,考量電腦程式所具備的功能性反應於市場競爭上之變化,於分析時一併納入競爭法的觀點,嘗試藉由專屬軟體以及自由軟體授權契約的比對,而導引出自由軟體運動所倡導的四大自由,不僅利於使用者對於功能性著作的需求,對於競爭法上所關注的效能競爭,亦有所裨益。 It is doubtless to say that the Free Software Movement has particular significance in the short history of computer software. Though the rise of free software does not change the status quo that proprietary software still has overwhelming power over related markets, yet it provides potential customers with technical alternatives, and the concept in the Free Software Movement that users regain “four freedoms” by means of licensing agreements triggered off other social movements urging rightholders of intellectual property to adopt public licenses for enriching social common resources. The Free Software Movement represents the public reflection to the developing trend of proprietary software, thus it is important to understand the GNU General Public license (GNU GPL), which set up the main frame of the movement. The GNU GPL is deemed a contract agreement under the civil law of Taiwan, and this thesis illustrates whether computer programs are copyrightable, and then analyzes the nature of licensing agreements from several aspects, focusing on the function and the corresponding influences on copyright law. Besides, the thesis discusses exclusive and non-exclusive licenses under Taiwan law, explaining the interaction between them. The thesis continues to analyze proprietary software licensing agreements under copyright and competition law. Proprietary software, of which the rightholders do not open source codes to the public, is technically limited for users’ modification. Due to the pursuit of short-term profits, most copyright holders request licensees not to modify or reverse engineer the software, or remove the lawfully-protected technological protection measures. Technology, law, and contract all form mechanism to rigidly control licensees. Nevertheless, in some cases these restrictions may be considered as violations of the related laws. The thesis reviews the proprietary software licensing agreements, interprets these limits under copyright and competition law, and indicates that the limits set by licensors may have anti-competitive effects and thus are prohibited by competition law. Things become totally different when it comes to the GNU GPL. The thesis first explains the meanings of the GNU GPL, and then analyzes the GNU GPL under the same standard as adopted with proprietary software. Computer programs, which are functional works under copyright law, are created not for their beautiful expression, but for their practical utility. Users purchase software licenses for use on their computers, not for appreciation. Therefore, all kinds of restraints to users shall be legally reviewed in detail under copyright and competition law in order to strike a balance between private profits and public interests, and the GNU GPL is of no exception. However, after examining the GNU GPL contract terms by comparison between proprietary software licensing agreements and free software licensing agreements, the thesis draws a positive conclusion that the GNU GPL not only satisfies the multiple demands of users, but eventually promotes competition over related markets as well. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/9074 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 法律學系 |
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