照明方式、阻礙物類型與空間因子對空間感知及擁擠感之影響

Abstract

擁擠感是景觀遊憩相關領域中長期被研究的議題之一，經常作為戶外遊憩環境品質的重要指標。而在環境心理學、商業及行銷領域領域的研究將擁擠區分為「人」及「空間」兩種概念，認為除了「人」會造成擁擠之外，還有「空間」的特徵、因素會造成影響。商業領域研究明確定義「人群擁擠(human crowding)」及「空間擁擠(spatial crowding)」兩種不同的擁擠概念，同時將空間感知視為擁擠的一部分(Harrell et al., 1980)；然而在景觀遊憩相關領域則是將空間感知及擁擠感作區分。各種空間感知中，寬敞感(spacious)及封閉感(enclosure)兩者為最常被討論的概念，很多學者認為兩者空間感知彼此相關，雖然有研究表明此兩種空間感知會各自受到不同因子影響，仍有學者會將此兩種概念混用。 另外隨著科技的進步，人們生活型態改變，夜間活動時間增加，提高照明設施的使用，照明不僅能營造氛圍也能使人體驗空間，已有許多研究在探討照明對於室內及戶外空間的影響與運用，其中最常討論光亮度及光分布對於空間感知的影響。已知照明可以影響封閉感、寬敞感等空間感知，還有研究指出照明也會影響個人空間，Adams & Zuckerman (1991)研究結果發現照明的減少會導致個體增加個人空間的需求；還有學者認為照明降低會導致受試者盡量減少社交互動(Adams & Zuckerman, 1991; Wänström Lindh et al., 2020)。因此推論照明可能也會影響擁擠感，因此，照明、空間感知及擁擠感三者之間的關係及影響機制仍需要更深入探討。 在許多研究中已確認沉浸式虛擬體驗(IVR)技術可以提高研究的生態有效性，特別是在擁擠相關的研究上可以更真實地傳達空間感受，故本篇論文三個研究均於校園召募受測者至實驗室以IVR技術展示虛擬場景，針對實驗場景評估其封閉感、寬敞感與擁擠感並進行分析比較。 研究一將已知邊界為重要空間因子作為研究操作，透過將人體及柱體作為不同的空間組成元素，形成空間邊界以引發其空間感知及擁擠感，結果發現不同類型的空間組成元素，會使個體感受到顯著不同的空間感知及擁擠感，而且封閉感正向影響擁擠感，寬敞感負向影響擁擠感。 研究二將人體與柱體作為空間中的阻礙物，於阻礙物最外圍的是三個不同距離級別的邊界，結果發現不同類型的阻礙物，也會對空間感知及擁擠感造成顯著差異，且與研究一結果一樣，封閉感正向影響擁擠感，寬敞感負向影響擁擠感；除此之外，還發現即使沒有阻礙物的存在，只有牆體形成的空間邊界，底面積不同仍會引起不同程度的擁擠感。 研究三將實體邊界改為由高對比的光分布來界定空間，納入光亮度、光分布等自變項，並放置同樣數量的阻礙物(人體/柱體)，及確認有無實際邊界的影響，而應變項除了空間感知及擁擠感外，還加入了可及性的概念來測量。研究結果顯示照明的確會影響可及性、空間感知及擁擠感，當光亮度越高、光分布越大，視覺與移動可及性會上升、寬敞感上升、封閉感及擁擠感下降；但是當有阻礙物時，則會抵消照明前述的影響，甚至呈現相反的趨勢：當光分布越大，移動可及性、寬敞感及擁擠感皆會下降。整體研究結果確認了空間感知與擁擠感之關係，以及人與非人因素以及照明對於空間感知及擁擠感的影響，可為未來戶外遊憩空間設計作為一個參考，在應用上可更了解使用者行為。

Crowding constitutes a long-standing issue in the field of outdoor recreation, which often be used as an important indicator of recreational environment quality. While most of the studies in recreation/landscape field considered crowding mainly from social/human perspective, researchers in the field of psychology and retail had divided crowding into social/human and space dimensions. Social/human crowding are elicited from the density of people and social conditions; and spatial crowding is mainly affected by the physical and spatial conditions of a space. It is important to understand the differences of crowding that elicited by human and other objects. Among various spatial perceptions, spaciousness and enclosure are the most frequently discussed concepts. Although studies had indicated that spaciousness and enclosure were affected by different factors, many scholars believed those two concepts relate to each other, and even use them interchangeably. Thus, this study attempts to understand how crowding influenced by different types of obstacle (human avatar/column) and the perception of enclosure and spaciousness. In addition, with the advancement of science and technology, people's lifestyles have changed, the time spended on nocturnal activities has increased, and the use of lighting facilities has been improved. Lighting can not only enhance environmental atmosphere but also enable people to experience the space. There are many studies on the impact of lighting on indoor and outdoor spaces and its applications, of which the influence of luminance and light distribution on spatial perception is most often discussed. It is known that lighting can affect the perception of space such as enclosure and spaciousness, and some studies have pointed out that lighting can also affect personal space. Adams & Zuckerman (1991) found that the reduction of luminance will lead to an increase in the individual's demand for personal space; and some scholars believe that lighting can also affect personal space. Lower luminance causes individuals to minimize social interactions (Adams & Zuckerman, 1991; Wänström Lindh et al., 2020). Therefore, it is inferred that lighting may also affect the perciption of crowding. For the reasons aforementioned, the relationships between lighting, spatial perception and crowding and the influencing mechanism still need to be further explored. Three studies that applied IVR (immersive virtual reality) technique was conducted for the purposes of this thesis. Computer generated IVEs (immersive virtual environemt) was used to simulate different crowding conditions. The stimuli scenes were a cylinder room with different areas, and respondents were set at the center of the room, surrounded by different numbers of obstacles (avatars/columns). Respondents were asked to evaluate their perception of crowding, enclosure, and spaciousness toward the simulated scenes with randomized order. Study 1 used the avatars and columns as different types of spatial components to form spatial boundaries to induce different spatial perception and crowdedness. It is found that different types of spatial components will significantlyinfluence individuals’ spatial perceptions and perceived crowding. Moreover, enclosure would positively affect perceived crowding, and spaciousness negatively affects perceived crowding. Study 2 used the avatars and columns as different types of obstacles in space, and the outermost of the obstacles was the boundary of three different distance levels. It was found that different types of obstacles also had significant effects on spatial perception and perceived crowding, which was consistent with previous studies. The results are similar to Study 1: enclosure positively affects crowding, and spaciousness negatively affects crowding. In addition, it is also found that simply walled empty spaces of different areas would have significant effects on perceived crowding, even without any obstacle inside. In Study 3, the physical boundary was defineed by a high-contrast light distribution, and independent variables such as luminance and light distribution were included, and the same number of obstacles(human avatar/column) were placed, and the influence of the actual boundary was confirmed. In addition to spatial perception and perceived crowding, the dependent variables also adds the concept of accessibility to measure. The results of the study show that lighting does affect accessibility, spatial perception and perceived crowding. When the luminance is higher and the light distribution is larger, the visual and mobile accessibility will increase, spaciousness will increase, but enclosure and perceived crowding will decrease. When In the presence of obstacles, the aforementioned effects of lighting are counteracted, and even the opposite trend occurs: as the light distribution increases, mobile accessibility, spaciousness, and crowding all decrease.The results would contribute to the design of outdoor recreational spaces, as well as the understanding of user behavior.