十九世紀〈臺灣山海全圖〉的繪製及其時代背景

Abstract

法國國家圖書館典藏一幅十九世紀的清代臺灣地圖，題名〈臺灣山海全圖〉。此圖長102公分，寬37.2公分，採「橫軸式」山水畫法。繪製範圍涵蓋臺灣島西半部與東部噶瑪蘭地區，並描繪沿岸船隻與島嶼。文字內容標示以府城為核心的道里記錄及沿海港口，添有五百餘字之圖說。 就現存清代地圖史料來看，長幅式的臺灣輿圖多不具圖題與落款，導致研究者難以直接由表面資訊判別繪製脈絡。本圖雖有題名，但繪製年代、繪製者、敘事思維、圖資來源等議題仍待考證。故本文通過自然景觀、人文景觀及圖說三面向進行分析，指出本圖呈現一種官方視角下的地理與人文知識。藉由爬梳圖上道里的生成脈絡，推斷〈臺北道里記〉為本圖的重要知識來源。並依據圖中對於羅東巡檢、臺江內海新浮埔地、鳳山縣舊城、及對渡制度等資訊之描繪，推斷本圖所呈現為道光三年至四年間之狀況；至於繪製時間則應不會晚於道光六年。藉由探討本圖與〈臺北道里記〉和《東槎紀略》三份文本製成的時間，推論繪製者或與姚瑩有關。

A 19 century map of Taiwan from the Qing dynasty, titled “Taiwan Shan Hai Quan Tu,” is collected in the La Biblioth?que Nationale de France (National Library of France; BnF). The map, 102 cm long and 37.2 cm wide, features a “horizontal” landscape painting style. It covers the western half of the main island of Taiwan, eastern Kavalan region, as well as vessels and isles along the coast. The text indicates the route records and coastal ports with Fucheng as the center, supplemented by an legend of over 500 characters. As far as the extant Qing dynasty maps are concerned, most long-form chorographic maps of Taiwan do not have titles and inscriptions, thereby posing difficulties for researchers to distinguish the context of map making directly from the superficial information. Despite the presence of a title on this map, information regarding the date of its creation, identity of the cartographer, narrative thinking, and source of the map details remain unanswered. Therefore, the current study analyzed the map from three perspectives: natural landscape, humanistic landscape, and illustration, demonstrating that the map presents geographic and humanistic knowledge from an official perspective. By exploring the background for the origin of the routes on the map, this study inferred that the “Taipei Dao Li Ji 〈臺北道里記〉” was an important source of knowledge for this map. Based on the descriptions of the Luotung Patrol, new barrier flat in the inner sea of Taijiang, old fortress of Fengshan County, and Due Du system 對渡制度, it was deduced that this map was produced between the third and fourth years of the Daoguang period. Regarding the date of creation, it is believed that the map was created no later than the sixth year of the Daoguang period. Through an analysis of the time when three documents, namely, this map, the “Taipei Dao Li Ji,” and Dong Cha Ji Lue 《東槎紀略》, were produced, this article concluded that the cartographer might be related to Yao Ying 姚瑩.