論「們」：複數語綴和集合標記

Abstract

「們」語綴在句法上的角色，主說有兩種：「複數」語綴和「集合」標記，各以相異的深層結構解釋一樣的表層現象。而其之於漢語教學的意義有二：其一，對屬於孤立語言的漢語，將「們」做為「複數」語綴時在語用的溝通上，起了相當畫龍點睛的功效，讓人一聽就馬上知曉其所言指並非「單數」。其二，若將「們」當作「集合」標記來看待，則是對L2漢語學習者的另一番提醒，希望學習者能注意到「們」的語用侷限，如：不與「有」字句/指示有定短語共現，不能接在數目短語之後，且通常只能與人稱名詞片語連用等。這般地做出區別，將能避免已習得英語複數語綴“-s”者負遷移的產生。本文立論的初衷亦在呈現兩種主張的基底邏輯。試圖建構出「們」語義和語用的多方面貌，再將理論與發現應用於華語教學現場中，裨益師生的共學共長。第一章是對研究動機、目的和方法的概述，並在第二章中分別介紹將「們」視為集合、複數和單數義的各家文獻，期盼藉著不同立論並列「們」的多種語法角色。第三章則將細部分解「們」的語法和語用功能。文述內容首採英漢對比分析，條列「們」被視為集合語綴的原因，再從「集合」、「複數」等不同觀點來分析「們」與數目短語、有字句、有定短語、泛指名詞、群體量詞、集體分類詞、繫詞、「都」的連用問題。第四章以「的」和「們」共有的親切感看其對語句的助益潤滑。第五章本文引介「們」以「複數」外貌包裹「單數」實心的特殊用法，並結論出：「們」實為母義複數，內包含「集合」和「單數」的分支子義。除卻語言結構分析，第六章回溯「們」的初始詞典義，盼能以古鑑今，並從時空象限中探看「們」的延展度和可能性。結尾的第七章，則是在以「們」為複數語綴的立論鷹架上，建構一適合中級程度的教學設計。

There are two main ways to account for the roles of men in Chinese: “plural” morpheme and “collective” marker. These two roles use different deep-structure tree diagrams to represent the same surface structure. In this thesis, we want to clarify the instructive meanings men carries by means of viewing men in two different lights. First, when men is regarded as a “plural” morpheme, it works for people to know what is referred is not “singular”. With this in mind, the existence of men will definitely help listeners indicate the plurality of the referred since Chinese nouns are not inflected for number. Second, when men is regarded as a “collective” marker, it will remind L2 Chinese learners some linguistic properties men differs itself from “-s”. For example, men could not co-occur with “You-construction” and a demonstrative-classifier. In addition, men could not follow a number phrase, and it would usually attach itself to a personal noun. The purpose some people want to differ “men - collective marker” from “men - plural morpheme” is to avoid negative transfer from learners’ previous acquisition of the English plural marker, “-s”. And it is also what this thesis endeavors to achieve --- state viewpoints these two approaches advocate: “men- collective marker” and “men - plural morpheme”. In addition, this study also sheds light on the semantic and pragmatic aspects of men. In doing so, we hope the association of theory and practice can benefit L2 Chinese teachers and students. The organization of this thesis is as follows: chapter 1 covers research motivation, goal and approaches. Chapter 2 lays out the multiple aspects of men with approaches which consider men a collective marker, a plural morpheme or a singular reference. Chapter 3 focuses on the detailed analysis of men with respect to its grammatical and pragmatic function. In the beginning, we indicate the arguments some linguists hold to categorize men as a collective marker instead of a plural morpheme like “-s”. Then, we delve into the co-occurrence restrictions of men with number phrase, “You-construction”, demonstrative-classifier, generic reference, (collective) classifier, copula, and “Dou” (a distributive marker) . In chapter 4,we will look at how the co-occurrence of de and men functions as a communication lubricant in our daily conversation. In chapter 5,we will try to uncover the underlying causes which mask a singular “I” with a confusing plural appearance “we”. We, thus, suggest men be regarded as a “plural morpheme”, which has a main meaning, “plural morpheme”, and two underlying meanings, “collective marker” and “singular reference”. Aside from linguistic structural analysis, chapter 6 tracks back to the original meaning of men with lexical definition because we hope to mirror the whole picture of men with further understanding of its history. In addition, we are also interested in every possibility men as a suffix will demonstrate in the near future. In the concluding chapter 7, we compose a teaching design for middle-level CSL students on the frame of men as a plural morpheme.