審議式報導在另類媒體與主流媒體的實踐——以一例一休報導為例

Abstract

全臺灣有近800萬受僱者、1000萬的勞工保險人口，大部份勞動者適用《勞基法》的規範，因此《勞基法》修法的影響重大。2016年民進黨推動《勞基法》修法，又稱「一例一休」法案，引發勞資方和朝野立委的衝突，2017年再推動二修，有條件放寬勞工的工時的彈性，亦無法弭平爭議，反被勞工認為是「惡」修。 當社會上對公共政策有歧見時，提供充分資訊、爭點整理，並促成多元意見交流，就是媒體職責之所在。Habermas的公共領域理論及政治學者Gutmann和Thompson的審議民主，為民主國家決策提出程序性民主概念基礎，之後傳播學者也將這個概念用在媒體報導中。因此，本研究問題即為，檢視媒體在「一例一休」公共政策中的審議報導表現。 依據研究整理的五大審議報導原則：「多元參與」、「深入脈絡化」、「爭點回應」、「論述根據」及「提出解決方法」，兼採內容分析法與文本分析法來進行研究。 研究對象包括：主流媒體《聯合報》與《自由時報》，以及另類媒體《苦勞網》與《焦點事件》。過往的傳播研究將另類媒體視為反主控論述的倡議者；將另類媒體納入分析的對象，可以觀察另類媒體在公共審議上的貢獻與價值。 研究結果發現，另類媒體在「深入脈絡化」、「論述根據」審議原則上表現最佳，在其餘原則中則保有為勞工發聲、支持勞團的反論述特質，而《苦勞網》與《焦點事件》雖然都是另類媒體，但《焦點事件》納入較多非勞團的意見及法案主題的評析，《苦勞網》則讓勞團訴求有更多能見度。 相較之下，主流媒體的整體審議表現不若另類媒體，多以企業作為主要的消息來源之一，並忽視臺灣勞動情況《自由時報》在「提出解決方法」表現較好，《聯合報》則在各個原則上都有進步空間。

In Taiwan, of the nearly 8 million employees, most are subject to the provisions of the Labor Standards Act ; therefore, the impacts of the amendment to the Act are immense. In 2016, the Democratic Progressive Party pushed forward its amendment, which was also known as the 'One Fixed Day Off and One Flexible Rest Day' bill. It triggered conflicts between workers and employers, and between members of Legislative Yuan of the ruling and opposition parties. In 2017, it again pushed forward a second amendment that conditionally added more flexibility to the working hours of the workers, which however failed to resolve the dispute; instead, it was considered by the workers as a 'bad' amendment. When there are divergent views on public policy in society, it is the responsibility of the media to provide sufficient information, sort out the issues, and facilitate the exchange of diverse opinions. Habermas's public sphere theory and political scholars Gutmann and Thompsons' deliberative democracy theory propose a conceptual foundation of procedural democracy for the decision-making in democratic countries. Later, communication scholars also applied this concept to media reports. Therefore, the question of this study is to examine the performance of the media in their deliberative reporting on the public policy of 'One Fixed Day Off and One Flexible Rest Day.' Based on the study, five major principles of deliberative reporting have been sorted out: 'pluralistic participation', 'deep contextualization', 'responses to issues', 'discourse basis' and 'proposing solutions.' At the same time, content analysis and textual analysis were also used to conduct the research. The research subjects included mainstream media, the United Daily News and Liberty Times, and alternative media Coolloud and Events in Focus. Past communication studies viewed alternative media as advocates of anti-master discourses; by including alternative media as the subject of analysis, it could help observe their contributions and value in public deliberation. The research results find that alternative media performed the best in the areas of 'deep contextualization' and 'discourse basis.' For the rest of principles, they retained the anti-discourse characteristic of speaking for the workers and supporting labor groups. Although Coolloud and Events in Focus are both alternative media, Events in Focus incorporated more opinions and comments of non-labor groups on the bill, whereas Coolloud made labor groups' demands more visible. By comparison, the overall deliberative performance of the mainstream media was not as good as that of alternative media, as the former mostly rely on corporations as one of their main sources of information, and neglect the labor situation in Taiwan. The Liberty Times did better in “proposal of solutions', while there was room for improvement for the United Daily News in every principle.