民族發展與國家執行PPGIS的相互作用

Abstract

台灣早期傳統領域調查被視為民族發展學的經典範例，意指利用土地調查和地圖設計來培育原住民部落以及重建當地傳統文化。台灣政府期望將傳統領域調查運用在更多現今的原住民部落，因此，原民會於民國 106 年開始以經濟補助的方式，鼓勵原住民部落進行傳統領域的調查。然而，此政策卻引發新的問題，以往台灣進行 PPGIS 的宗旨為「以原住民的心，做原住民的事」，而今似乎被傾向解讀為「以公部門的錢，做原住民的事」。 本研究以台東縣鹿野鄉的 U-rekat （永昌部落）之傳統領域調查為例，試圖更了解國家政策和經費提供是如何影響PPGIS 與原住民部落的發展過程。本研究發現，雖然 PPGIS協助部落繪製傳統領域地圖，但國家力量介入部落的同時，也把漢族的強勢文化、知識與官僚系統，帶入原住民的社群中，使得族人難以掌控部落的自治，以致失去部落培力的主導權。本研究提出 PPGIS 作為原住民部落與國家政策的橋樑，提供民族發展學新的討論。政府如何提供資金又不影響原住民的部落主導權，為本文的核心關懷。藉由參與觀察、半結構訪談等共 8 月的田野工作，試圖解構由上而下的國家力量與漢人中心主義，而不是將原住民社群全然地納入政府管理制度中。唯有了解草根民主的需求，並在公共參與的過程尋求共識的可能。

Taiwan’s early Traditional Territory PPGIS are some of the finest examples of Ethnodevelopment, in which communities used traditional mapping as a means of empowering communities and reclaiming culture. It is no surprise then that the government of Taiwan should try to replicate such success stories and in 2016, the Council of Indigenous People began offering funds to tribes to map their traditional territory. However, this raises interesting concerns; in the past PPGIS was done “For indigenous, by indigenous”; now, it is “for indigenous, by the government”. This research seeks to understand how state support influences the PPGIS process. To help solve these questions, a case study will be carried out in U-rekat, an Amis village located in Taitung County. The research found that even though PPGIS was able to help the tribe produce maps of their traditional territory, the government involvement and legal backing forced the tribe to confirm tribal notions bureaucratic norms, which led to a loss of local ownership and a lack of empowerment. This research suggests that ethnodevelopment may be best left to grassroots organizations, and not a tool to be used by the state. Recommendations to the Council of Indigenous People are also included.