影響魚腥草生長和機能性成分因素之探討

Abstract

魚腥草(Houttuynia cordata Thunb.)為多年生草本植物，葉片含豐富的類黃酮和綠原酸，本研究探討溫度、光強度、營養要素和外施水楊酸對於魚腥草的生長和機能性成分含量之影響，期許能夠提高機能性成分，並建立魚腥草栽培之適宜條件。 將魚腥草栽培在日夜溫15/13、20/15、25/20、30/25及35/30℃下2個月，以30/25℃下有較佳的生長量(株高、葉片數、地上部和葉片產量等)和生理狀態(SPAD、NDVI、Fv/Fm)，35/30℃處理株高、產量(地上部和葉片鮮乾重)、Fv/Fm (第30天)皆有減少現象，而15/13℃下生長緩慢，株高、產量最低。在機能性成分方面，分析總酚、總類黃酮、綠原酸和金絲桃苷之表現，各成分濃度除了綠原酸以外，皆以35/30℃處理最高，30/25℃則可獲得最高綠原酸濃度。總體而言，在30/25及35/30℃處理下可獲得最佳含量表現，且與溫度有高度相關性。 在光強度方面，將石碇和埔里兩個系來源之魚腥草分別在秋季和春季，進行不同光強度處理(100%、50%、30%和15%光照處理) 2個月，在秋季試驗中，魚腥草在100%光照處理下有較佳的生長量(株高、地上部和葉片鮮乾重)，但生理測值NDVI、Fv/Fm和淨光合作用效率較差，而15%光照處理植株生長量低，但生理測值為佳，SPAD(第60天)以100%和15%光照處理較佳；機能性成分方面，總類黃酮、綠原酸和金絲桃苷之濃度和含量皆隨光強度增加而增加，在100%光照處理下可獲得最佳濃度和含量。在春季試驗中，100%光照處理下，其株高、Fv/Fm、淨光合作用效率皆顯著減少，形態上全光照處理之植株葉長、葉寬較小，但葉片較厚。SPAD值皆隨光強度增加而增加，在100%光照處理最高。產量在石碇系，以100%和50%光照處理較佳，埔里系則以50%光照處理最佳；機能性成分方面總類黃酮濃度和含量均以100%和50%光照處理最佳，綠原酸濃度以50%和30%光照處理最佳，含量以50%光照處理較佳，金絲桃苷濃度和含量以100%光照處理最佳。在兩個試驗中，各成分含量與光強度皆具有極佳相關性，總體而言，在秋季建議可將魚腥草栽培在全光照下，春季可架設遮陰網，栽培在50%光照處理下，可以獲得最佳機能性成分含量。 在營養元素方面，將魚腥草每週澆灌150 mL之0N0K、0N6K、8N6K、16N0K、16N3K和16N6K養液50天，探討鉀肥和氮肥對魚腥草生長和機能性成分之影響。16N6K處理有較佳之株高，低於此濃度之處理的株高較矮，缺乏鉀肥(16N0K、16N3K)會增加魚腥草SPAD值，缺乏氮肥(0N6K)會使SPAD值減少，各處理之Fv/Fm和地上部和葉片乾重差異不不大。在機能性成分方面，總類黃酮、綠原酸和金絲桃苷濃度在鉀肥部分均以16N0K高於16N3K；氮肥部分，金絲桃苷濃度以0N6K處理較8N6K高，但綠原酸濃度相反，於0N6K處理最低。整理而言，施用6 mM之鉀肥和16 mM之氮肥濃度，可以獲得較佳的總類黃酮、綠原酸和金絲桃苷含量。 在水楊酸部分，分別於每週(F1)、每兩週(F2)以及每四週(F3)葉面噴施0、0.5、1、2和4 mM之水楊酸60天，探討葉施不同濃度之水楊酸和噴施頻率對魚腥草生長和機能性成分之影響。葉施水楊酸會造成魚腥草之株高、葉片數和產量減少，在施用較高濃度2和4 mM的水楊酸會降低SPAD測值，在各處理間之Fv/Fm皆高於0.8，在機能性成分方面，葉施水楊酸可以略微增加魚腥草葉片中的機能性成分表現，且會受到施用頻率的影響，若施用頻率減少則可提高施用的濃度，但施用過高的水楊酸濃度會造成目標機能性成分濃度減少，因此建議可每兩週噴施1次濃度為2 mM之水楊酸，以獲得較高含量之機能性成分。 栽培溫度、光強度和營養元素皆會影響魚腥草之生長和機能性成分，本研究進行相關試驗，並以提升機能性成分含量為目標，建立其最適栽培條件，期許增加魚腥草產業之效益。

Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is a perennial herbaceous plant. Its leaves are rich in medicinal ingredients, with flavonoids and chlorogenic acid as the main components. This study discusses temperature, light intensity, nutrients and exogenous salicylic acid for the growth and functional components of Houttuynia cordata, it is expected to improve the ingredient contents and establish the most suitable conditions for the cultivation of Houttuynia cordata.In the temperature part, The day/night temperatures were 15/13, 20/15, 25/20, 30/25 and 35/30℃ for 2 months. Results showed that the optimal growth temperature was 30/25℃. It has better growth (plant height, number of leaves, aboveground and leaf yield, etc.) and physiological state (SPAD, NDVI, Fv/Fm). In 35/30℃ treatment of plant height, yield (overground and leaf fresh dry weight), Fv/Fm (day 30) were all reduced, and the growth was slow at 15/13 ℃, the plant height and yield are the lowest. In the ingredient part, total phenol, total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and hypericin was analyzed. The concentration of each component except chlorogenic acid was the highest at 35/30℃. The highest chlorogenic acid concentration fund in 30/25℃. In general, the best content can be obtained under the treatment of 30/25 and 35/30℃, and has a high correlation with temperature. In light intensity parf, Houttuynia cordata from Shiding and Puli areas were treated with different light intensities in autumn and spring (100%, 50%, 30% and 15% light treatment) for 2 months. In autumn, Houttuynia cordata had better growth (plant height, aboveground and fresh dry weight of leaves) under 100% light treatment, but the physiological measurements NDVI, Fv/Fm and photosynthesis were poor. While 15% light treatment with low production, but the physiological measurements are good. SPAD (day 60) is better with 100% and 15% light treatment. In functional ingredients, the analysis of total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and hyperoside concentration and content increase with light intensity, the best concentration and content can be obtained under 100% light treatment. In the spring experiment, 100% light treatment with excessive light intensity that caused light inhibition, and its plant height, Fv/Fm, and photosynthesis were significantly reduced. The plant length and leaf width of the plant under full light treatment were small, but thicker. The SPAD value increases with light intensity, which is the highest at 100% light treatment. The yield in the Shiding area is better with 100% and 50% light treatment, and the Puli area is best with 50% light treatment. In functional ingredients, the concentration and content of total flavonoid are best with 100% and 50% light treatment. Chlorogenic acid concentration is best with 50% and 30% light treatment, content is better with 50% light treatment. Hyperoside concentration and content is best with 100% light treatment. In both experiments, the content of each ingredient has an excellent correlation with light intensity. In general, it is recommended that Houttuynia cordata can be cultivated under full light in autumn, and shading with 50% full light can be erected in spring, and you can get the best content of functional ingredients. In the nutrients part, Houttuynia cordata was irrigated with 150 mL of 0N0K, 0N6K, 8N6K, 16N0K, 16N3K and 16N6K nutrients for 50 days. Discuss the effects of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers on the growth and functional ingredients of Houttuynia cordata. The 16N6K treatment has better plant height, and below this concentration has less plant height. The lack of potassium fertilizer (16N0K, 16N3K) will increase the SPAD value in Houttuynia cordata, and the lack of nitrogen fertilizer (0N6K) will reduce the SPAD value. Fv/Fm and dry weight of aboveground and leaf are not different from each treatment. In the functional ingredients part, the concentration of total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and hyperoside in the potassium fertilizer part, 16N0K was higher than 16N3K. In the nitrogen fertilizer part, the concentration of hyperoside, 0N6K was higher than 8N6K. But the concentration of chlorogenic acid was opposite. The lowest concentration at 0N6K. In conclusion, the application of 6 mM potassium and 16 mM nitrogen concentration can obtain better total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and hyperoside content. In the salicylic acid part, spray 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM salicylic acid on the leaves every week (F1), every two weeks (F2) and every four weeks (F3) for 60 days. Effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid and spraying frequency on the growth and functional components of Houttuynia cordata. Foliar application of salicylic acid will reduce the plant height, leaf number and yield of Houttuynia cordata. The application of higher concentrations of 2 and 4 mM salicylic acid will reduce the SPAD value. The Fv/Fm of each treatment is higher than 0.8. In the functional ingredients part, foliar application of salicylic acid can slightly increase the performance of functional ingredients in the leaves of Houttuynia cordata, and will be affected by the frequency of application. If the frequency of application is reduced, the application concentration can be increased, but the application is too high the concentration of salicylic acid will reduce the concentration of the target functional component, so it is recommended to spray 2 mM salicylic acid once every two weeks to obtain a higher content of functional components. Temperature, light intensity and nutrient elements will affect the growth and functional ingredients of Houttuynia cordata. This study conducted related experiments and aimed to increase the content of functional ingredients to establish the most suitable cultivation conditions and hope to increase the benefit of Houttuynia cordata.