李清《南北史合注》的史法與思想：以《南史》為中心

Abstract

李清，字映碧，一字心水，明末清初人。於明亡後歸隱山林，專心作史。《南北史合注》為其精讀李延壽之《南史》、《北史》後，為補其缺漏，重採北四史與南四史及當時可得相關史料而成。除純粹的補注外，他也刪改了《南史》、《北史》的部分內容，並大量加入自己的意見與批評。歷來的評論者多認定李清的改動不合乎一般注書習慣，故針對李清改動原書內容而未作標注，造成原文與新作文字混雜；以及其所補入的資料不符合所引原文，似憑一己之意擅改等情形作批評。凡此種種，致使《南北史合注》歷來評價並不高。然在對《南北史合注》的內容加以爬梳後，卻不得不注意到李清在書中表現出的史觀與價值判斷已超出注本的範疇，若單單以一注本對此書進行評價，似略顯偏狹。《南北史合注》對歷史與文學的貢獻與價值至少有四：首先，不拘泥於原文而能加以精簡內容，既能使全書不因資料量而顯冗贅，也能藉修改聚焦於各段重點，使情節與人物刻劃更為立體、清晰；其次，以較中立的價值觀重述歷史，適時平衡李延壽以北為正統的概念，以及史書中因成敗定論的情形，使歷史的記述不致因政治因素而偏頗；第三，於體例的改動則呈現出注重正統及忠逆分判的個人價值觀；第四，多處針對歷史寫作手法與事實的批評與考證，保存各類相異史料以供參照，同時也藉由辨析、比較，進一步釐清事件真偽。這些類型的改動，除呈現李清的史觀與價值判斷，也提醒讀者留意書寫者的立場對歷史記載的影響，更能起互見、參照與辨析之功。因《南北史合注》篇幅較大，因此今僅就南史的部分進行研究，討論李清的史學貢獻與價值觀，進一步回應歷來對此書的評價，嘗試討論其定位。

The purpose of this study is to find out Li Qing (1601-1683)’s historic writingtheory and his character in “Nan Bei Shi Ho Zhu (the annotations of Nan Shi and BeiShi,南北史合注)” by the method of analyzing his supplement, deletion and modification of “Nan Shi(南史)” and ”Bei Shi”(北史). Though the comments , regarded it as a “Zhu Ben(注本)”, evaluated it negative due to the modification , there sure be other value upon a Zhu Ben.Li Qing’s “Nan Bei Shi Ho Zhu” shows not only his own historic opinion but also his analysis ability. The comparison and analysis of the data presented four specialty of this book. First, the data implemented were summarized in order to focus on the historic events and personal traits better.Then, stereotype basis on political intention is being modified to a more objective one. Also, categories of people were changed, which shows clear and strong opinion between loyalty and betrayal of Li Qing. The last one is the insertion of Li Qing’s own critique, which included judgments of the records between the truth and the fake.Due to the huge amount of data, this study focus on the part of Nan Shi. The finding shows “Nan Bei Shi Ho Zhu” should be given more conscious and higher value.The historic value of it is not only a collection of data or kind of supplement to “Nan Bei Shi”, but also a presentation of Li Qing’s thought and historic concept.