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標題: | 「民族」 之建構──近代中日優生思想與政策的比較 The Construction of “Minzu” and ”Minzoku”: A Comparison of Eugenic Thought and Pubic Policies in Modern China and Japan |
作者: | Chang-Hsin Kuo 郭昶欣 |
指導教授: | 李宥霆(Yu-Ting Lee) |
關鍵字: | 民族,東亞優生學,生命政治,人口政策,母性教育, Nation,East Asia Eugenics,Bio-politics,Population policies,Mothercultivating education, |
出版年 : | 2020 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 在引入西方民族概念之後,近代中國與日本皆欲達到歐洲標準之強大的、單一的民族國家。然而他們一方面缺乏與西歐相似的建構民族概念之歷史過程;一方面又將近代的困局歸因於「孱弱的」東方身體。為了解決此矛盾,中國與日本需要創造出想像的血緣來建構民族,以及要求提升民族成員的身體力量。據此,近代中國與日本利用優生學建構出兩國的民族樣貌,並發揮使成員均質的集合在國家政權之下、與改造成員身體符合政權要求之雙重功能。
本文即欲藉由優生學政策的視角來討論近代中日的「民族」建構。本文首先比對中日民族之建構與安德森「想像的共同體」理論,發現兩者並不完全一致。接著以國家自主性的理論出發,將國家視為建構民族的主要行動者,並探討近代中日的優生學相關政策的目標與其中的民族形象。於政策研究上,本文採用傅柯的生命政治觀點,從控制國民身體的角度探討民族。 研究結果發現,中日政權利用優生政策的擴張使民族的邊界成為政策控制的邊界:母性教育使原先不具有公領域角色的女性新增成為民族優秀母體的任務;二戰時緊急狀態體制下的極端人口政策則進一步使全民納入國家的生命政治治理中。就自我/他者的分界而言,則可發現日本將日本民族與東亞他民族二元化,其「民族」成為對內強調均質性、對外強調異質性的結構。中國則企圖透過大規模的計畫移民與通婚生產出單一且更為優秀的「中華民族」。 直到今日,民族仍為戰後的中國與日本政治的重要問題。母親身體的控制與人口政策也不同程度的遺留在現行的政策與法律中。因此,回顧近代中日的民族論述,亦有助於了解今日的中日「民族」的政治實踐。 After the introduction of the Western concept of “nation”, both modern China and Japan sought to meet the European standard of a single and strong nation-state. However, they lacked the historical process of the construction of nation similar to Western Europe, while also attributing the dilemma of East Asia to the “weakness” of the Eastern body. In order to resolve these contradictions, China and Japan needed to construct the idea of “nation” through creating an imaginary bloodline, and to increase the physical strength of its members. Eugenics was therefore used to construct the idea of “Minzu” and”Minzoku” (the word “Nation” in Chinese and Japanese), playing the dual function of homogenizing all the members under a single authority, and reconstructing the ability of the members' body to meet the requirements of the authority. This study aims to discuss the construction of “Minzu” and “Minzoku” in modern China and Japan from the perspective of eugenic thoughts and policies. Firstly, upon comparison of the construction of the Chinese and Japanese idea of “nation” with Benedict Anderson's 'imagined community' theory, this study finds that they are not completely consistent. Then, on the basis of state autonomy, this study regards the states as the main actor in the construction of the idea of “nation” and explores the goals of eugenics-related policies and the national image revealed therein. In terms of policy research, this study adopts Michel Foucault's idea of Bio-politics to explore the idea of “nation” from the perspective of controlling the national body. The findings indicate that the regime of China and Japan used the expansion of eugenics policies to push the frontiers of the nation in accordance with the frontiers of policy control. The building of mother-cultivating education system set a new role for women to become “outstanding mothers” of the nations. During World War II, the Chinese and Japanese governments proclaimed a state of emergency to promulgate extreme population policies, which further integrated the whole people into the countries' bio-politics. Between the line of selfhood and otherness, Japan created a dualistic pattern of the Japanese nation and other ethnic groups in East Asia, making its 'nation' (“Minzoku”) a structure that emphasized homogeneity internally while emphasizing heterogeneity externally. On the other hand, China was trying to produce a single and better 'Chinese nation'(“Chinese Minzu”) through large-scale immigration and intermarriage projects. The idea of nation remains an important issue in both postwar China and Japan politics. To a certain degree, the physical control of the mothers and the population policies are still seen in current policies and laws. Therefore, reviewing the national discourses of modern China and Japan also helps to understand the political practices of today's 'nation' in East Asia. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/63838 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202000689 |
全文授權: | 有償授權 |
顯示於系所單位: | 國家發展研究所 |
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