初探勉強出勤之相關因素

Abstract

「勉強出勤」（presenteeism）係描述儘管身體疾病造成不適，或長時間工作造成疲倦，工作者仍出勤或持續工作的行為。勉強出勤的相關研究數量少且零散分布於不同領域，主要為醫療、護理與職業健康等。西方學者對勉強出勤議題的相關研究仍屬起步萌芽階段，無論國內外，現有的勉強出勤研究均缺乏完整概念探討，且測量方式尚存在諸多限制，更缺乏對其行為動機的探究。有鑑於此，本研究旨在：1.以質化與量化的方式確認台灣工作者的勉強出勤行為動機；2.以壓力理論為基礎，探究個人特質與勉強出勤行為動機之關聯；3.探究勉強出勤與身心健康、工作後果之關聯。 本研究採用兩波的追蹤樣本研究，以台灣工作者為研究對象，總計回收245份有效問卷。就多元迴歸分析與結構方程模式的結果發現：在行為動機方面，自我效能與積極動機有顯著關聯；神經質與消極動機有顯著關聯。在適應後果方面，勉強出勤與生理健康、心理健康、工作滿意有顯著負向關聯，而與工作耗竭有顯著正向關聯。再者，勉強出勤與工作耗竭間具有時差遞延效果，亦即兩者互為因果。本研究補足了勉強出勤既有文獻的缺口，並以台灣工作者為研究對象，延伸了西方文獻的實徵證據。

In the current climate of global economic depression, presenteeism, the opposite of absenteeism, is becoming more prevalent in the workplace. Although some definitional confusion persists, the most recent scholarly conception of presenteeism involves showing up for work when one is ill. There are thus far very few studies exploring why it occurs and how it affects employees. There is not even consensus on the definition and measure of presenteeism among organizational behavior researchers. The purpose of this study is: 1. to delineate the underlying motives of the act of presenteeism and develop suitable measures for both the motives and the behavioral manifestation of the act; 2. to systematically examine the correlations between the individual characteristics and motives of presenteeism; 3. work and health consequences of the act of presenteeism in a Chinese work context. Using structured questionnaires, we employed a 2-wave panel study design in which antecedents, motives, and consequences of the act of presenteeism were measured in a diverse sample of 245 full-time Chinese employees in Taiwan. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that self-efficacy and neuroticism were significantly associated with approach and avoidance motives for the act of presenteeism, respectively. Moreover, we found that the act of presenteeism was negatively associated with employees’ physical health, mental health, and job satisfaction, whereas it was positively associated with exhaustion. With cross-laggedpanel modeling, we also found presenteeism and exhaustion had reciprocal relationships over time. In conclusion, the present study shed some light on motives, behavioral manifestations, antecedents, and consequences of the act of presenteeism to extend the existing literature.