媒體公審現象的檢討－以「公平審判」與「媒體近用」概念為中心

Abstract

媒體的影響力無遠弗屆，數位匯流下的媒體影響力更是不容小覷。據此，媒體產業的問題更值得關注。 本篇論文主要討論媒體公審的現象，並聚焦於「公平審判」與「媒體近用」兩個概念上。本文認為「媒體公審」的定義是「媒體公審係指新聞從業人員、司法人員、案件當事人或相關人對訴訟案件於媒體上發表不當或違法的報導或評論，致有侵害人民權利的行為。」接著分為三個面向討論媒體公審的現象。 首先，媒體公審的現象常會使新聞自由與公平審判的權利產生衝突，如何兼顧這兩項權利是本文的關懷核心。其次，不同的審判制度會對媒體公審產生不同的影響力，本文討論陪審團制度、職業法官制和我國正在試推行的人民觀審制，其中媒體公審對陪審團制的影響力最大。再來，憲法保障人人皆有接近使用媒體的權利，但為了確保公平審判的進行，此權利應該隨著使用者的身份不同而有限制，不同身份享有的媒體近用權由寬廣到狹隘的排序是一般人民、訴訟案件的當事人或相關人以及人身自由受限的人。 最後，本文從媒體公審的三大參與者(媒體、人民、司法人員)的互動關係重新探討媒體公審的現象，提出如何改善媒體公審的現象；並認為可以從偵查不公開的落實、制度的建立以及落實媒體近用權三方面來兼顧人民新聞自由和公平審判權利。

The power of the media has been growing. With the development of digital technology, the media has become more influential. Therefore, the issue of the media industry is worth concerning. This thesis mainly discusses with the media trial, and focuses on the “fair trial” and the “access to the media”. In this thesis, the definition of media trial is that journalists, judicial officials, litigants and stakeholders publish improper or illegal report or comment on litigation, and these behaviors ultimately cause to violate people's right. In this research, the media trial is analyzed through following three dimensions. First, the media trial usually makes the free press conflict with the fair trial, so this thesis concerns about protecting the fair trial right. Second, different trial systems will influence the media trial in different ways. This thesis discusses three trial systems:jury system, justice system and lay judge system. Among these trial systems, the media trial has the largest impact on jury system. Third, even though the constitution guarantees that people have the right of access to the media, this right should be restricted based on different identities for ensuring the fair trial. This research points out that people with different identities own different accesses to the media degrees, which from wide to narrow are general people, litigants or stakeholders, and prisoners. In conclusion, this thesis reviews the phenomenon of media trial from three participants’ interaction (journalists, general people, judicial officials), and suggests the ways to solve the problems caused by the media trial. Then, this thesis points out three ways to balance free press and fair trial, for implementing investigation secrecy, building the institution, and implementing the right of access to the media.