民間保育團體執行封溪護漁計畫之體制分析-以榮生會為例

Abstract

封溪護漁計畫是臺灣重要的地方保育議題，依其主導者約可分為三種類型，分別為：社區發展協會、基層地方政府以及民間保育團體。本研究旨在分析南投縣清水溝溪魚蝦保育區榮生會，以民間保育團體形式長期執行封溪護漁計畫的歷程，在不同時代中所呈現的成果與運作的影響因素。採取環境史的取徑，以質性研究方式收集田野資料，共累積29筆訪談資料與21筆參與觀察紀錄，並以體制分析進行討論。 研究結果發現，榮生會的運作歷程在不同時代中起起伏伏，由在地傳統信仰引起對溪流保育的關注，由當地學校推行護溪運動，為延續集體行動而引進民間保育團體形式，成立榮生會。經歷了組織活躍的成長期、穩定運作期，業因組織內外部的困境使人群離散，組織沉寂，到近年來欲重新再起。相較於其他兩種類型的封溪護漁，在榮生會早期的運作中，曾經透過在地學校的動員機制，達到流域尺度的封溪護漁，並且維繫了一段活躍的集體行動時期。當時榮生會內部公平的參與機會、透明的決策機制、領導能力有助於內部人群的凝聚力。後續因未能創造參與空間、人員流動率偏高及沒有傳承則弱化組織運作。除了組織內部因子，榮生會與在地社區、政府單位之間的關係也影響組織運作與計畫成效。在地社區的參與可強化組織運作的可持續性，而使在地居民參與的誘因在於榮生會的目標與地方發展是否能有所互動。另外，政府單位是榮生會重要的經費與其他資源的來源，但是其對於溪流保育相關事務的消極態度，反映在其政策規劃與執行上，影響封溪護漁計畫的運作。

Stream conservation is one of the most important community-based conservation issues in Taiwan. Based on types of the implementing body, stream conservation schemes can be classified into three different categories: local communities, government (mainly county government), non-government organizations (NGOs) across communities. Rong-sheng association is a NGO which had been executing stream conservation program for decades. This study aims to present the operating history of Rong-sheng association which has changed though periods. This study collected 29 records of qualitative interview and 21 records of participant observation in the field, and employed environmental history and institutional analysis to analyzing the records. The results showed that the operation-history of Rong-sheng association have been though ups and downs with the effects of the social backgroung across times. In the 1980, the stream conservation program was motivated by traditional belief, and run by local school. For Continueing the program, Rong-sheng association, an NGO, was set up in 1990. On the early stage, Rong-sheng association mobilizated local people through local school, carried out the watershed scale stream conservation, and also kept the collective action for decades. At that time, in order to agglomerate people for better cooperation from different villages distributed over the watershed area of the stream, the following key factors are necessary: the fair participant opportunities, transparent decision making mechanism, informal social relationship and leadership. However, Rong-sheng association didn’t keep creating the new events for participants, and it led to the shrink of organization. Also, the organization affairs lacked of well-organized inheritance that weaken the group capacity of Rong-sheng association. On the other hand, the relationship of Rong-sheng association and local communities is the key factor of organization sustainability. For the relationship with local communities, the operation of Rong-sheng association connecting with development of the local communities is the key incentive. Government is the important role for providing fundings and other resources. Nevertheless, the negative attitude of government about stream conservation reflected on the poor policy making and promoting, and affected the operation of local stream conservation program.