中國勞動契約立法之研究－以《勞動合同法》為中心

Abstract

2008年1月1日，中國政府實施《勞動合同法》，堪稱近代中國勞動法制的一大變革，不僅公布前廣邀社會各界進行廣泛討論研議，實施後，對於中國整體勞資關係的影響也受到相當程度的囑目。而綜觀整部法典的立法方向，不難看出該法是在既有勞動法制之上，再行增加對中國廣大勞動群眾的保護，希冀藉由《勞動合同法》的實施，改善勞資之間不對等的談判條件。然而，如我們所見，如此細膩而僵化的立法模式，不僅未使勞工的處境獲得改善，甚至因此導致中國經濟的暫時性衰退。 本文即著眼於《勞動合同法》的立法曁其影響的反差現象，探究是種勞動契約立法模式的問題所在，並試圖尋找出可能的最佳立法架構。研究之初，首先就該法抽繹出六項較具代表性的觀察基準項，即「工作規則」、「契約締結方式」、「契約期限」、「試用期」、「競業禁止」以及「解僱制度」，並經由此六項基準的歷史法學比較與國際法學比較，定位出《勞動合同法》藉由限制雇主契約自由予以保障勞動權利的立法模式，再將此種立法模式作為研究基礎，分別以經濟、政治、社會等因素探究其限制之因，並經由勞動經濟學、法律經濟學、彈性安全勞動市場政策理論等途徑交叉分析，以得該法對於勞資關係發展之利弊得失。綜合先前對於該勞動立法模式的描述、詮釋與分析後，最終進行《勞動合同法》立法現象的評價，並給予各國未來在勞動立法上的建議，使勞資關係得以在更健全的法制之下獲得良性的互動與成長。

The law of Employment Contract, which could be the tremendous reform in the field of labor law was came into force on the first day of January, 2008. Looking through all the law, it is not difficult to find that the Chinese lawmakers tried to provide the numerous Chinese labors for more protection than before. According to the law, labors’ bargaining position opposite to their employers could be elevated in lawmakers’ opinion. However, the legislative mode is so detailed and inflexible that labors’s situation didn’t get better and even the growth of Chinese economic was affected so far. This research fouses on the contrast between the law of Employment Contract and its influence, and finds out the problem of the legislative mode of labor contract, and tries to propose the best legislative framework finally. First, I grabbed six observational criterions including work rules, the form of employment contract, the term of employment contract, probation period, competition restriction, and dismiss from the law, and researched how the law of employment contract protect labor right relying on limiting the freedom of contract the employers possess through the analysis of comparative law and historical law. Second, I looked into the reasons of above-mentioned limitations through the elements of economics, politics, and society separately. I also used labor economics, law and economics, flexicurity as approaches to analysis these limitations, and therefore got the advantages and disadvantages of the influence. Finally, I evaluated the law of employment contract in China, and brought up a legislative advice. Wish the labor-capital relations can grow up with good interaction on the foundation of well employment law.