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Title: | 探討低MHC class II表現量和Galectin-3在清除組織胞漿菌感染中扮演的角色 To investigate the role of low MHC class II expression and galectin-3 in clearance of Histoplasma capsulatum infection |
Authors: | Sheng-Yang Wu 巫聖揚 |
Advisor: | 伍安怡 |
Keyword: | 組織胞漿菌, ENU,P-235,IL-17, |
Publication Year : | 2009 |
Degree: | 碩士 |
Abstract: | 組織胞漿菌是一種雙型態的真菌,自然狀況下以菌絲的型態生長於酸性土壤中,一旦吸入動物體內,會寄生於宿主的巨噬細胞,進行繁衍。在組織胞漿菌感染的小鼠模式中,小鼠須仰賴第一型免疫反應的活化清除體內的真菌。當胞漿菌進入小鼠體內後會被吞噬細胞所吞噬,進而活化T細胞,T細胞活化後產生的細胞激素IFN-γ可進一步活化巨噬細胞,協助巨噬細胞清除胞內的組織胞漿菌。在MHC class II基因剔除時,小鼠體內無法分化出CD4 T細胞狀況下感染組織胞漿菌,會使得真菌無法清除而造成慢性感染,但仍可藉由CD8 T細胞的活化控制真菌的生長,避免宿主的死亡。
而為了進一步探討MHC II分子在組織胞漿菌感染的小鼠中所扮演的角色,我利用了來自中研院基因突變小鼠中心一隻利用ENU導致MHC II分子產生突變的小鼠P-235,這隻小鼠在MHC II基因上有點突變導致其蛋白質轉譯量是正常小鼠的五分之一,更重要的是本隻小鼠的CD4 T細胞數量並未受到影響。因此我可利用本隻MHC II表現低量的小鼠回答當小鼠帶有正常數量的CD4 T細胞時,MHC II這個分子在組織胞漿菌感染中所扮演的角色。在我們實驗室先前實驗指出,在2.5X104組織胞漿菌感染後,P235小鼠T細胞的活化程度顯著低於正常小鼠,但卻其清除真菌的能力卻與正常小鼠相當,因此我們推斷是由於真菌數量過少的狀況下,縱然T細胞活化狀況較低,仍可順利清除真菌。進而我利用了2.5X10^5組織胞漿菌感染P235小鼠,仍是得到結果,但令人意外的是P235小鼠血清中IFN-γ卻顯著高於正常小鼠,直接證明了雖然T細胞活化程度較低,但仍可產生足夠的IFN-γ以活化巨噬細胞清除胞內組織胞漿菌。為了進一步釐清CD4 T細胞的角色,我去除P235小鼠體內CD8 T細胞後感染組織胞漿菌。結果顯示,P235小鼠可順利清除真菌的原因並非由於活化的CD8 T細胞彌補了活化的CD4 T細胞之不足。除此之外,P235小鼠的巨噬細胞吞噬組織胞漿菌的能力以及在IFN-γ的刺激下產生iNOS並且抑制胞內組織胞漿菌的生長能力和正常小鼠一樣,但在組織胞漿菌的感染下,P235小鼠的巨噬細胞卻無法產生iNOS,也暗示了MHC II表現量低的小鼠體內所產生的巨噬細胞與正常小鼠的活化條件不儘相同。繼續研究是否P235小鼠的巨噬細胞活化方式與正常小鼠不同,因而使得感染後的P235小鼠縱然有較少的活化T細胞,仍可順利清除真菌。 為了研究第一型與第十七型免疫反應在組織胞漿菌感染後的調控,我利用了Galectin-3基因剔除小鼠。Galectin-3基因剔除小鼠在感染弓漿蟲及馬紅球菌後,第一型免疫反應上升,使得器官內細胞浸潤狀況加遽,但第一型反應的上升卻不代表病原清除效率的上升以及小鼠死亡率的下降,例如Galectin-3缺失後,造成弓漿蟲在宿主的體內數量上升;非致死量的馬紅球菌感染下,Galectin-3基因剔除小鼠死亡率高於正常小鼠。在上述二篇文獻中,器官的切片都提到有嚴重白血球或中性顆粒球浸潤的現象,由於第十七型免疫反應的主要功能便是吸引大量中性顆粒球至發炎部位,因此我也大膽假設第十七型反應也參與在Galectin-3基因剔除小鼠的感染中。我的實驗利用組織漿胞菌感染小鼠後,發現小鼠的確有IL-17的產生,並且Galectin-3基因剔除小鼠會產生顯著高量的IL-17,而在感染的晚期這隻小鼠的第一型免疫反應也低於正常小鼠。這結果顯示在組織胞漿菌的感染下,Galecin-3扮演的免疫調控角色是有別於弓漿蟲以及馬紅球菌感染的狀況,而是促進第一型免疫反應,並且抑制第十七型免疫反應。除此之外,我的實驗也首度證實了組織漿胞菌感染小鼠後,IL-17的產生可協助宿主清除真菌。目前我的首要目標便是找出在組織胞漿菌感染後IL-17的來源細胞,並希冀找出Galectin-3影響IL-17產生的主要機制。 Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) is opportunistic dimorphic fungal pathogen. It grows as mycelium in the soil in nature and transforms into yeast form upon inhalation of its microconidia or hyphal fragments into lungs, residing within alveolar macrophages as intracellular pathogen. Clearance of Hc infection needs the development of Th1 immune response and IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells. Mice depleted IFN-γ or MHC class II gene knockout mice fail to clear fungus and succumb to sublethal dose of Hc infection. B cell has been proved to play a mild role in Hc primary and secondary infection, although it can be activated by IFN-γ and underwent isotype switch, producing immunoglobulin G after infection. There is no report that addressed the question that whether the existence of B cells reduces the availability of IFN-γ. I used ENU-mutagenized mice P-235, which are characterized by low MHC class II expression and fewer B cell counts, to investigate the balance between IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells and IFN-γ comsumption by B cells. My results showed that despite of fewer IFN-γ-producing T cells, the fungal clearances in P-235 mice are as effecicient as in WT mice after primary and secondary Hc infection, since the absence of B cells resulted in higher IFN-γ levels in different tissues of P-235 mice than WT mice. It indicated that B cells consumed IFN-γ produced by T cells and affected host resistence to Hc infection. Moreover, this effect is uncovered only in P-235 mice, because IFN-γ produced by activated T cells in WT mice is enough to clear Hc infection. It has been reported that galectin-3 regulated proinflammatory responses and Th1 immune response in Toxplasma gondii, Rhodococcus equi, and Streptococcus pneumonia infection. Moreover, recent research indicated that IL-17-producing cells contributed to inflammation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans infection. It remains to be elucidated that whether the regulation of immune responses by galectin-3 is through IL-17 production, and whether the bias of immune responses in galectin-3 knockout mice affects fungal clearance after Hc infection. Using the mouse model of systemic histoplasmosis characterized by a strong Th1 response, I demonstrated that the fungal load in galectin-3 knockout mice was lower than in WT mice, and the increased IL-17 production by CD4 T cells and neutrophils in galectin-3 knockout mice contributed to this result. Based on these results, I can investigate how galectin-3 regulates IFN-g and IL-17 productions further. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/43478 |
Fulltext Rights: | 有償授權 |
Appears in Collections: | 免疫學研究所 |
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