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Title: | 同質性與異質性:Carl Schmitt的正當性概念析論 Homogeneity and Heterogeneity: On Carl Schmitt’s Concept of Legitimacy |
Authors: | Yi-Kai Chen 陳怡凱 |
Advisor: | 顏厥安 |
Keyword: | 正當性,合法性,服從義務,同質性,人民,民主,政治性,敵友之分,制憲權,自然狀態,自由主義,多元主義,法治國,議會制, legitimacy,legality,obligation of obedience,homogeneity,people,Volk,democracy,the political,the distinction of friend and enemy,pouvoir constituant,the state of nature,liberalism,pluralism,Rechtsstaat,parliamentarism, |
Publication Year : | 2006 |
Degree: | 碩士 |
Abstract: | 首先,筆者會先把Schmitt的正當性論述歸類為以民主(人民的自我治理)為基礎的正當性論證類型。接下來則是處理Schmitt的制憲權主體(在當代也就是人民)概念,說明Schmitt是如何把國家理解為具備同質性的人民,在保持自我意識的情況下行使制憲權所形成的政治狀態。在他看來,正當性既不源自憲政權,也不來自自然權利,人民所行使的制憲權才是一切正當性的根源。對於正當性的最大威脅則是來自於不受控制的異質性,因為異質性有可能會導致人民自我意志的逐漸模糊,而讓制憲權主體消失。在近代的歷史脈絡下,這種威脅源自於中立化的歷史發展。異質性在中立化進程下侵蝕政治統一體的過程可以分為兩個階段:第一個階段是自由主義基於人性本善的信念,所支持的國家社會二元分化。第二個階段,則是隨著社會的日臻強大與國家的逐漸衰弱,終於衍生出一種對政治統一體而言最危險的現象與思想,那就是多元主義。
隨後,筆者將處理Schmitt對於無力對抗異質性的憲政體制(在他眼中,這就是市民法治國憲法)的批判。在他看來,市民法治國憲法是一種無視於政治性、千方百計逃避決斷的憲法,這種憲法基於中立化的錯誤信念,把公領域當作是私領域的工具,它所採取的政治形式(也就是議會制)已經被異質性壓潰,無法替自己的合法性體系導入正當性基礎,成為一種形式主義的空洞機器。既然舊有的議會制已經無法保障民主正當性,那麼要由誰來承擔這個角色?跟許多主張訴諸法院的違憲審查,來保障法律實質內涵的理論家不同,Schmitt認為本質上被動、只適合依法審判的法院並不適合承擔這個政治使命。他認為必須尋求新的人格性力量來保障民主正當性,在威瑪民國的具體情境下,他期待集立法與執法、權力與權威於一身的民國總統來擔當這個角色。 最後,筆者會回顧前述的論述軸線。並且檢討Schmitt留下的這個難題:民主正當性在當代是否仍然有落實的可能。 I think Carl Schmitt’s discourses on legitimacy are based on democracy, the self-government of the people (das Volk). In such a theory, the source of legitimacy is neither “pouvoir constituent” nor natural rights, but “pouvoir constituant” of a people with its own self-consciousness and homogeneity. The largest danger to legitimacy is consequently the unrestrained heterogeneity, which blurs self-consciousness of the people. In the context of modern history, this danger originated from the process of neutralization, which could be divided into two stages: the first is binary differentiation of state/society; the second one is pluralism. In his eye, the constitution on the incorrect basis of neutralization (die bürgerlich-rechtsstaatliche Verfassung) is unable to resist the erosion of heterogeneity, because it refuses to take political decision seriously. Its system of legality had degraded into a functional machine without legitimacy and substance. Schmitt thinked it’s necessary to find a new personal power to protect democracy and legitimacy. In the condition of Weimar Republic, he expected the “Reichspräsident” to undertake such a political mission. Finally, this article would deal with the question left by Schmitt: is there any possibility for the realization of democracy in modern world. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/33182 |
Fulltext Rights: | 有償授權 |
Appears in Collections: | 法律學系 |
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