汽車產業中垂直價值鏈策略之比較研究

Abstract

本研究以電動車產業為背景，探討企業於價值鏈重構過程中，如何透過垂直整合與垂直分工策略進行供應鏈配置與組織調整，進而創造競爭優勢。研究採用多個案研究法，分析Tesla、比亞迪、Foxtron、理想汽車等企業之不同模式與策略成效，並輔以價值鏈理論、資源基礎觀點(RBV)與交易成本理論(TCE)進行理論詮釋與推論。 研究結果指出，電動車產業已由過去傳統汽車供應鏈主導模式，轉向以OEM掌控為核心之垂直整合－分工混合架構。企業普遍對電池、自駕晶片、動力模組等核心技術採取自製或強控制策略，並在非核心模組上維持彈性外包。研究亦發現，採購部門在新型價值鏈中扮演「策略整合者」角色，其前期參與、跨部門協作與技術共創能力，為企業提升效能與因應風險的關鍵。 本研究除建構「整合－分工－混合」三元架構，補足傳統二分理論侷限外，亦提出五項策略建議，包括核心模組內製化、平台化架構建置、採購前移整合、供應鏈風險預測機制與技術夥伴共創模式。最後，針對樣本限制、資料來源與理論深化等研究限制，提出後續研究方向，以提供學界與產業界對於電動車供應鏈轉型之理解與規劃參考。

This study explores how firms in the electric vehicle (EV) industry restructure their value chains by adopting strategies of vertical integration and disintegration to gain competitive advantage. Employing a multi-case qualitative approach, it examines leading firms such as Tesla, BYD, Foxtron, and Li Auto, while drawing on the theoretical frameworks of the value chain, the resource-based view (RBV), and transaction cost economics (TCE). The findings indicate that the EV industry is shifting from a supplier-driven structure to a hybrid model in which OEMs play a dominant role. Companies tend to internalize core modules—such as battery systems, autonomous driving chipsets, and e-drive components—while outsourcing non-core modules to maintain flexibility and efficiency. Additionally, the role of procurement is evolving from a cost controller to a strategic integrator, with increased involvement in early-stage product design, cross-functional collaboration, and joint innovation with suppliers. This study develops a “triangular strategy framework” combining integration, disintegration, and hybrid approaches, addressing limitations in traditional binary perspectives. Five strategic recommendations are proposed: insourcing of core modules, development of platform-based architecture, early involvement of procurement, implementation of supply chain risk monitoring systems, and co-creation with technology partners. The research also outlines limitations related to sample scope and data accessibility and proposes future research directions to enhance the understanding of value chain transformation in the EV industry.