日語背景學習者的漢語疑問句偏誤分析：以語料庫為本

Abstract

本研究旨在探討日本華語學習者在不同語言程度下對漢語疑問句的使用情形與偏誤類型，並進一步分析偏誤成因，提出具體教學建議。疑問句是人類口語交際中常見且基本的語法結構之一，華語學習者在完成拼音與發音訓練後，即會接觸各類疑問句形式。漢語中句末助詞的分佈具有一定規律性，如「嗎」主要用於是非問句，「呢」則常見於特指問句、正反問句與選擇問句。然而，由於日語中各類疑問句的句末皆可使用助詞「か（ka）」，使日本學習者易將漢語中的「嗎」誤認為對應的通用疑問助詞，進而產生誤用。 過去相關研究多集中於中日對比分析，或以英語母語者為對象進行偏誤分析，針對日本華語學習者在疑問句使用上所出現偏誤的實證研究則相對較少，缺乏系統性的統計分析與教學應用層面的建議。 本研究採縱向分析法，運用「TOCFL學習者語料庫」與「HSK動態作文語料庫2.0」，觀察語言程度為 A2 至 C1 之日本華語學習者在五類疑問句（是非問句、特指問句、正反問句、選擇問句與附加問句）中的使用情形，並進行偏誤分析。研究結果顯示，學習者使用頻率最高者為特指問句，最低者為選擇問句；本研究共蒐集 72 筆錯誤語料，占整體語料之 5.88%，其中以句末助詞相關偏誤最為顯著，顯示日本學習者在疑問句助詞掌握方面存在明顯困難。另疑問代詞之誤用亦為常見偏誤類型。 基於上述發現，本文提出兩項教學建議：其一，強化句末助詞與疑問句型之搭配規則，協助學習者辨識語用環境中的使用限制；其二，釐清疑問代詞之語義與語境差異，以避免誤代與句式誤用，提升學習者之語用準確性與語法敏感度。

This study investigates the use of Mandarin Chinese interrogative sentences and the types of errors made by Japanese learners across different proficiency levels, aiming further to analyze the causes of these errors and propose concrete pedagogical suggestions. Interrogative sentences are among the most common and fundamental grammatical structures in spoken communication. Mandarin learners are typically introduced to various types of interrogatives after completing basic training in Pinyin and pronunciation. In Mandarin, sentence-final particles follow certain distribution patterns—for example, ma is primarily used in yes-no questions, while ne commonly appears in wh-questions, A-not-A questions, and alternative questions. However, in Japanese, the particle ka is used at the end of all types of questions, leading many Japanese learners to mistakenly overgeneralize the use of ma in Mandarin as a universal interrogative particle, resulting in frequent errors.

Previous studies have largely focused on contrastive analyses between Mandarin and Japanese, or have conducted error analyses targeting English-speaking learners. Empirical research specifically examining Japanese learners’ errors in using Mandarin interrogatives remains limited, especially in terms of systematic statistical analysis and pedagogical application.

Adopting a longitudinal approach, this study utilizes data from the TOCFL Learner Corpus and the HSK Dynamic Composition Corpus 2.0 to analyze the usage and errors of five types of interrogative sentences (yes-no questions, wh-questions, A-not-A questions, alternative questions, and tag questions) produced by Japanese learners of Mandarin at proficiency levels A2 to C1. The results show that wh-questions were the most frequently used, while alternative questions were the least frequent. A total of 72 erroneous instances were collected, accounting for 5.88% of the overall corpus, with sentence-final particle errors being the most prominent. This indicates that Japanese learners have considerable difficulty in mastering Mandarin interrogative particles. Misuse of interrogative pronouns was also identified as a common error type.

Based on these findings, two pedagogical suggestions are proposed: (1) strengthening instruction on the collocation rules between sentence-final particles and interrogative sentence types to help learners recognize usage constraints in different pragmatic contexts; and (2) clarifying the semantic and contextual differences among interrogative pronouns to prevent misplacement and structural errors, thereby enhancing learners’ pragmatic accuracy and grammatical sensitivity.