「就是」在華語口語言談中的修補功能與策略

Abstract

「就是」為華語口語會話中高頻率出現的詞彙，其在溝通的需求下逐漸發展出特殊的語用功能。回顧前人文獻發現，「就是」除了具備強調、說明解釋、保有發話權等言談標記功能外，也可在話輪中作為修補標記使用。關於「就是」在口語言談中作為言談標記之相關功能探討已非常豐富多元，但對於修補與「就是」之間的關係卻仍模糊，有待後續進一步分析探究。因此本研究為深入討論、釐清「就是」在言談中所發起的修補類型與序列結構，將以互動語言學為研究方法，歸納分析真實華語母語者口語語料中的「就是」。 本研究以Schegloff et al.（1977）所提出的「修補」（repair）為研究主要脈絡，並觀察分析約390分鐘兩人或兩人以上之華語母語者口語會話語料。研究發現以「就是」作為修補性開頭語（Repair prefaces）之目標語料能以話輪構成單位（Turn Construction Units，TCU）為基準區分成兩大部分，分別為同話輪構成單位和話輪序列結構之修補。 在同話輪構成單位的自我發起自我修補序列中，本研究以Schegloff（2013）的十種修補操作類型為分析依據，其中「就是」可發起替代、插入、置入括號、格式轉換、重組五種自我修補的操作類型。另本研究也從話輪的序列結構角度出發，分析了在不同的修補序列結構中「就是」作為修補開頭語的修補情形，其中發現當溝通過程中會話參與者們的立場不同時，問題源的說話者常以「就是」作為概念的延伸闡釋、立場強調和宣稱，又或是表示對其他會話參與者的提問不接受/不同意之開頭語使用。 從語料分析的結果中可發現，「就是」在華語口語言談中已發展出多種形式的修補操作，本研究希望能透過「修補」的脈絡提出對於「就是」言談功能不同的討論觀點，並為「就是」特有的語用功能進行更全面的梳理。

"Jiushi" (“就是”) is a high-frequency lexical item in spoken Mandarin Chinese that has developed distinctive pragmatic functions to fulfill various communicative needs. Previous research has extensively examined its roles in marking emphasis, providing clarification, and maintaining speaker’s turn. However, its relationship with conversational repair remains relatively underexplored. To address this gap, this study adopts an interactional linguistics approach to investigate the types of repairs initiated by “Jiushi” and their sequential structures in natural conversation. Drawing on the repair framework proposed by Schegloff et al. (1977), this study analyzes approximately 390 minutes of spoken interaction among native Mandarin speakers in dyadic or group settings. The data reveal that instances of “Jiushi” as a repair preface can be categorized into two major domains based on Turn Construction Units (TCUs): (1) self-initiated self-repair within the same TCU and (2) repair across turn sequences. In same TCU self-initiated repair sequences, “Jiushi” is found to initiate five distinct repair operations: replacing, inserting, parenthesizing, reformatting, and reordering, based on Schegloff’s (2013) typology. From the perspective of turn sequence structures, “Jiushi” also plays a critical role in initiating repairs when there are divergent stances among speakers. In such contexts, it is frequently used to extend or clarify conceptual meanings, emphasize the speaker’s stance or assertion, or signal disagreement with a prior question or position introduced by another participant. The findings indicate that “Jiushi” in spoken Mandarin has evolved into a multifunctional repair device. This study aims to contribute a more comprehensive understanding of its discourse functions by reexamining “Jiushi” through the lens of conversational repair.