土地登記機關損害賠償責任之研究

Abstract

土地登記制度作為維繫不動產交易安全與保障權利人權益的重要機制，其正確性與信賴性深受人民與實務所依賴。惟當土地登記發生錯誤、遺漏或虛偽時，常造成人民實質損害，進而引發對地政機關損害賠償責任的法律爭議。現行土地法第68條雖為國家賠償法之特別法，明文規範地政機關於特定登記不實情形下應負損害賠償責任，然其條文簡略、涵蓋範圍模糊，導致學界見解分歧，司法實務亦爭議不斷。 本文採取文獻分析法、比較分析法、法學方法論及法制史研究方法，透過縱觀台灣土地登記制度之法理基礎，解析土地法第68條的成立要件、法律性質與適用範圍，並主要參酌澳大利亞與英國法制，闡釋托崙斯登記制度中賠償基金的保險精神對台灣現行制度之啟示。進一步指出，現行制度下土地登記損害賠償應兼具國家賠償與保險性質，故其歸責原則應採無過失責任，並涵蓋純粹經濟上損失與所失利益之救濟。 此外，本文亦對登記錯誤類型、地籍測量瑕疵是否涵攝於登記錯誤之範疇、與國家賠償法之競合適用、損害賠償範圍及消滅時效等實務爭議進行分析，藉由比較法與判決研究提出釐清與補充，期能建構出一套兼顧人民權益與制度安定之土地登記損害賠償理論體系，作為未來立法與實務運作之參考依據。

The land registration system plays a critical role in ensuring the security of real estate transactions and protecting the rights of property holders. In practice, it is heavily relied upon for its credibility and publicity. However, errors, omissions, or false entries in land registration may result in substantial harm to individuals, leading to legal disputes over the liability of land registration authorities. Although Article 68 of the Taiwanese Land Act provides for compensation in such cases and serves as a special law to the State Compensation Act, the provision remains vague and insufficiently defined, resulting in considerable academic debate and inconsistent judicial practice. This study adopts a multi-method approach, including literature analysis, comparative legal study, legal doctrinal methodology, and historical legal analysis. It explores the theoretical foundation of Taiwan's land registration system and examines the elements of liability, legal nature, and scope of Article 68. Drawing from the experiences of Australia and the United Kingdom, particularly the Torrens title system and its compensation fund mechanism, the research argues that Taiwan’s regime should incorporate both the characteristics of state liability and insurance-based principles. Accordingly, it supports the adoption of a no-fault liability model and the inclusion of pure economic loss and loss of expected profits under compensable damages. Additionally, this thesis investigates critical issues such as the definition and scope of registration errors, whether cadastral survey mistakes fall within the scope of compensable registration errors, the interplay between Article 68 and the State Compensation Act, and the applicable statute of limitations. Through comparative analysis and case study of judicial decisions, the study aims to construct a more coherent and comprehensive legal framework for state liability in land registration, offering theoretical and practical guidance for future legal development.