魂魄猶可知：以臺灣北部漢人魂魄儀式爲例

Abstract

本研究聚焦於臺灣北部漢人宗教信仰中的魂魄概念及相關儀式，嘗試從宗教人類學的視角探討魂魄的存在形態與其能動性表現。藉由田野調查與文獻分析，研究以魂魄儀式為核心，揭示其在個人生命、家庭關係與社會秩序中的多重角色與文化意涵。 論文首先回顧臺灣宗教信仰的歷史脈絡，特別對道教與民間宗教中魂魄觀念的異同進行比較，指出魂魄作為人、鬼、神之間的中介角色。進一步地，透過對生者魂魄儀式（如大補運、藏魂）的分析，研究探索魂魄如何通過物件與儀式得以具象化，並在身體與命運層面展現其動態性。此外，論文亦關注死者魂魄的物質性及其在招魂、普度等儀式中的表現，強調死者魂魄的能動性如何通過儀式行動對生者世界產生影響。最後，研究聚焦於封神、探宮等複合性儀式，探討魂魄在人、神與其他存在之間的網絡關係，呈現其在多重靈性世界中的交互與生成。 本研究主張，魂魄並非單純的文化符號，而是一種在宗教實踐中被動態構建的社會存在，並且其能動性來源於人與非人之間的交互過程。藉由本體論的視角，本文為理解臺灣地方宗教中的物質性與靈性網絡提供了新的詮釋，亦為跨文化背景下的宗教研究開啟了新的思考方向。

This study focuses on the concept of hun and po (soul) within Han Chinese religious beliefs in northern Taiwan and their associated rituals, exploring their ontological forms and manifestations of agency through the lens of religious anthropology. By integrating fieldwork and textual analysis, the research centers on soul-related rituals to uncover their multifaceted roles and cultural significance in individual lives, family relationships, and social order. The paper begins with a historical overview of religious beliefs in Taiwan, comparing Taoist and folk religion perspectives on te soul and spirit to highlight their intermediary role between humans, ghosts, and deities. It then analyzes rituals for the living, such as da buyun (大補運destiny enhancement) and canghun (藏魂soul concealment), examining how the soul is materialized through objects and rituals, dynamically interacting with the body and fate. The study further investigates the materiality of the souls of the deceased in rituals like zhaohun (招魂soul summoning) and pudu (普度universal salvation), emphasizing how the agency of the deceased impacts the living through ritual actions. Finally, the research delves into complex ceremonies such as fengshen (封神deification) and tan gong (探宮palace exploration), exploring the networked relationships of souls among humans, deities, and other entities, illustrating their interactions and formations within multifaceted spiritual worlds. This study argues that the soul is not merely a cultural symbol but a socially constructed dynamic entity within religious practices, with its agency emerging through interactions between human and non-human actors. By adopting an ontological perspective, the paper offers new insights into the materiality and spiritual networks in Taiwanese local religions, providing a fresh interpretative framework for cross-cultural religious studies.