內感覺、認知能力與理性思考傾向對推理作業中信念偏誤程度的影響：一個個別差異取向研究

Abstract

當人們依循自身信念，而非根據邏輯規則來判斷一個論證是否有效時，就可能產生信念偏誤效應（the belief bias effect）。過去關於信念偏誤的個體差異取向研究偏重於檢驗個人認知能力與理性思考傾向等面向的影響，然而各變項的影響尚未有定論。本論文則在認知相關因子（邏輯能力、工作記憶廣度、認知需求傾向與專注當下傾向）外，更首度納入與訊息衝突偵測有關的內感覺覺察能力或傾向（以心跳偵測作業與自陳式多向度內感覺覺察量表測量之），更全面性地檢驗影響個體信念偏誤程度的個別差異因素。信念偏誤程度則以個體在三段論證作業中衝突題（邏輯效度與結論可信度不一致）與一致題正確率的差異來代表。結果首度發現內感覺覺察度較高，或自評對自身身體感知較為信任或感到安適者，在論證無效的題目上有較低的信念偏誤程度。反之，自評愈能覺察到身體正、負向與中性感受者，信念偏誤程度愈高。此外，邏輯能力愈強，愈能抵抗信念對邏輯判斷的影響；而工作記憶廣度僅在無效題上，對高邏輯能力者有所幫助。不同面向的內感覺對信念偏誤不同的影響與可能的機制，以及上述發現在理論與實務上的意涵將在論文內討論。

The belief bias effect occurs when people's judgments about the validity of an argument are influenced more by their prior beliefs than by logical rules. Previous studies on individual differences in belief bias have primarily focused on one’s cognitive ability or rational thinking disposition. This study expands on these research by taking interoception into consideration, in addition to cognitive factors like logical reasoning ability, working memory capacity, the tendency of need for cognition and mindfulness tendency. We found that individuals with higher interoceptive awareness, or those with more trust in their bodies, were less susceptible to belief bias, especially when evaluating invalid arguments. However, those who are aware of their body sensations are more likely to be interfered with by their beliefs when belief and logic collide. Furthermore, logical reasoning ability plays a significant role in resisting belief bias, while working memory capacity does not have any effect. The implications of these findings for understanding and addressing belief bias are discussed.