臺灣產擬瘦姬蜂屬(膜翅目：姬蜂科：柄卵姬蜂亞科)系統分類學研究—聚焦於非指名亞屬

Abstract

擬瘦姬蜂屬 (Netelia Gray, 1860) 是物種多樣性最高的夜行性外擬寄生性姬蜂。本屬全世界分布，下分為12亞屬且至今已有超過330物種被描述。本屬主要使用雄蟲生殖器作為種級鑑定特徵，卻導致了分類混淆與雌蟲難以鑑定等問題。本屬的亞屬亦尚待利用親緣關係重建來驗證其單系性。本研究聚焦於臺灣產擬瘦姬蜂之非指名亞屬物種，旨在 (1) 利用整合分類學方法 (integrated taxonomic approach) 重新評估本屬之物種界定；(2) 重建本屬屬內分子親緣關係；(3) 對臺灣產非指名亞屬物種進行分類修訂。本研究的整合分類學方法使用了COI序列進行ASAP及bPTP兩種分子物種界定方法及28S基因樹重新評估基於雄蟲生殖器形態所建構的形態種假說。藉由分析超過600隻臺灣及日本產標本共97種形態種、230及118條新定序之COI及28S序列、以及427條自BOLD systems線上資料庫下載的COI序列，臺灣產擬瘦姬蜂屬物種多樣性增加近四倍，從22種增長至84種。分子與形態物種界定的不一致也在擬瘦姬蜂亞屬 (Netelia)、無墊擬瘦姬蜂亞屬 (Prosthodocis)、及超齒擬瘦姬蜂亞屬 (Apatagium) 內被觀察到。利用28S及COI合併序列重建的分子親緣關係更進一步顯示擬瘦姬蜂屬中除了原擬瘦姬蜂亞屬 (Protonetelia)、闊突擬瘦姬蜂亞屬 (Parabates)、巨齒擬瘦姬蜂亞屬 (Monomacrodon)、刻胸擬瘦姬蜂亞屬 (Toxochiloides)、及一新亞屬外，其餘皆非單系群，顯示本屬在未來需進行亞屬的重新分類。本研究在臺灣產非指名亞屬物種的分類學修訂中包含了65物種的描述、重新描述及物種鑑別。其中包含18新紀錄物種及31新種。新種主要皆可以雄蟲生殖器構造和其他已知物種區別。此外，在本研究中藉分子證據首次連結13種的兩性別。本研究之結果有助於臺灣產擬瘦姬蜂屬的生物相研究，並促進對此夜行性寄生蜂的演化歷史的理解。

The cosmopolitan genus Netelia Gray, 1860 represents the most species-rich group of nocturnal ectoparasitoid Darwin wasps, with over 330 described species in 12 subgenera. The morphological species delimitation of this genus relies on its male genitalia. However, it results in taxonomic confusions and difficulties in female identification. The monophyly of its subgenera is also questionable due to a lack of a reliable phylogenetic hypothesis. Therefore, the present study focuses on the genus Netelia in Taiwan, aiming to (1) re-evaluate the species delimitation by using multiline evidence; (2) reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of Netelia; (3) revise the taxonomy of the Taiwanese species of non-nominotypical subgenera. An integrated taxonomic approach using COI-based ASAP and bPTP species delimitation, as well as the monophyly of the 28S gene tree was employed to evaluate the morphospecies hypothesis. By analyzing 97 morphospecies in more than 600 specimens from Taiwan and Japan, 230 and 118 newly acquired COI and 28S sequences respectively, and 427 COI sequences retrieved from the BOLD systems, the result indicates a fourfold increase in species richness of Taiwanese Netelia, from 22 to 84 species. The incongruences between morphology and DNA are also observed in members of subgenera Netelia, Prosthodocis, and Apatagium. Furthermore, molecular phylogeny using the concatenated 28S plus COI dataset fails to resolve most subgenera except Protonetelia, Parabates, Monomacrodon, Toxochiloides, and a new subgenus as monophyletic groups, suggesting the need of future reclassification. A total of 65 species of the non-nominotypical subgenera in Taiwanese Netelia are described. Among them, 18 species are new to Taiwan, and 31 species are new species, diagnosable mainly by their male genitalia. Additionally, both sexes of 13 species are first connected by molecular evidence herein. The results of this study contribute to the faunistic studies of the Netelia genus in Taiwan and offer insights into the evolutionary history of these nocturnal parasitoid wasps.