透過原子層沉積和銀奈米線電極實現穩定高效的半透明鈣鈦礦太陽能電池

Abstract

半透明鈣鈦礦太陽能電池（STPSCs）因其高效率和製造便利性，具有許多潛在應用，包括串聯太陽能電池、綠色建築和農業。本研究旨在通過三管齊下的方法提高STPSCs的效率和穩定性: (1) 使用銀納米線（Ag NWs）和石墨烯納米片（GNS）組成的奈米複合材料，開發穩定、高導電性、透明且可溶液加工的電極; (2) 採用鈍化方法，通過用2-噻吩乙胺氯化物（TEACl）處理鈣鈦礦層的表面，以提高STPSC半元件的穩定性，使其能夠耐受GNS/Ag NWs頂部電極的溶液處理而不發生降解; (3) 開發低溫（80°C）原子層沉積（ALD）SnOx薄膜，作為STPSC元件的輔助電子傳輸層（ETL）和保護層。在GNS含量為0.001 wt%的條件下，GNS/Ag NWs電極達到10 Ω/sq的片電阻（Rs）、66%的平均可見光透過率（AVT），並於高溫高濕環境下具有長期穩定性，這歸功於於GNS既作為連接介質，又作為單個Ag NWs周圍的保護屏障。TEACl鈍化處理和ALD SnOx輔助ETL均提高了PSC元件的功率轉換效率（PCE）和穩定性，使STPSC半元件於大氣環境下噴塗GNS/Ag NWs透明電極而不發生降解。最終獲得的STPSC元件達到高達13.63%的PCE，與使用熱蒸發Ag頂部電極的非透明元件相當。

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells (STPSCs) offer many potential applications, including tandem solar cells, green buildings, and agriculture, owing to their high efficiency and ease of manufacturing. This study aims to enhance the efficiency and stability of STPSCs through a three-pronged approach: (1) developing stable, highly conductive, transparent, and solution-processed electrodes for STPSCs using a nanocomposite of Ag nanowires (Ag NWs) and graphene nano-sheets (GNS); (2) adopting a passivation method involving treating the surface of the perovskite layer with 2-thiopheneethylammonium chloride (TEACl) to enhance the stability of half STPSC devices so that they can withstand the solution processing of the GNS/Ag NWs top electrode without degradation; (3) developing low-temperature (80C) atomic layer deposition (ALD) SnOx thin films to function as both an auxiliary electron-transporting layer (ETL) and a protection layer for STPSC devices. With a GNS content of 0.001 wt%, GNS/Ag NWs electrodes achieved a sheet resistance (Rs) of 10 Ω/sq, average visible transmittance (AVT) of 66%, and long-term stability in damp heat, thanks to the GNS serving both as a connecting medium and protecting shields around individual Ag NWs. Both the TEACl passivation and the ALD SnOx auxiliary ETL improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and the stability of PSC devices, while allowing STPSC half- devices to be spray-coated with the GNS/Ag NWs transparent electrodes in the ambient air without degradation. The resultant STPSC devices achieved a PCE of up to 13.63%, on par with that of opaque devices with a thermally-evaporated Ag top electrode.