揹行山林：高山協作產業運作機制與產業鏈 -以臺東縣海端鄉及南投縣信義鄉為例

Abstract

臺灣的原住民，尤其是居住在中央山脈的布農族，傳統生活與山林活動密不可分。在登山活動中，他們經常扮演帶路、背負重物、烹煮食物及確保安全等角色。當代，這樣的角色被稱為高山協作。它是原鄉少有的產業自主發展機會，然而，對於臺灣高山協作的深入研究仍然有限，因此，本研究旨在填補這一研究缺口。本文透過深度訪談和參與觀察等質性研究方法，以南投縣信義鄉及臺東縣海端鄉為田野地點，探討高山協作的產業歷史、運作機制，以及其在山岳旅遊產業鏈的位置、網絡關係。 早在清領與日治時期，布農族人已經開始為外來者提供山區嚮導與挑夫的服務。光復後，百岳運動帶動了登山風潮，族人的背負能力獲得許多揹工的工作機會，卻多為商業隊壓榨。隨著登山管制解除後，登山活動成為熱門的戶外活動之一，布農族人也合作形成團體，將高山協作產業化並進行專業分工：有協助縱走的高山協作、專門背負物資的揹工、及駐點提供伙食的駐點協作等。高山協作產業既可透過駐點在登山路線，提供高山伙食及裝備租借服務；也可以透過人力派遣與商業登山隊的嚮導及領隊配合。 本研究以Zhang et al. (2009) 的旅遊產業鏈討論臺灣的山岳旅遊。發現高山協作產業在產業鏈中屬供給者的角色，提供登山活動的後勤和人力支援。商業登山隊則為旅行社的角色，負責市場行銷、整合其他關係產業如：交通接駁、民宿和在地餐飲。兩者共同建構商業登山活動的核心。這種以商業登山隊為主導運作的山岳旅遊，在Bodega et al. (2004) 所提出的四種分析阿爾卑斯山地區的山岳旅遊模式中，屬於中心化程度低、關係密度高的「治理模式」。而在一些個案中，能看到在地高山協作產業跨足商業登山隊的業務範疇，發展出一條龍的商業模式。這種模式透過在地的社會凝聚力及信任，形成互相合作的網絡，類似「群集模式」，具有高關係度的特性。 最後，本研究也發現高山協作產業的可持續發展，很大程度取決於和主管機關的互動。而登山活動中在地部落的位置及參與，也是討論整個山岳旅遊議題時需思考的方向。通過公私協力模式，可以確保協作產業合法運營，提高服務品質和經營穩定性。山林開放後，大量人潮湧入山林，公私協力模式除了替協作產業帶來工作機會，也能妥善治理登山路線、協助山難救援、進行登山教育，是主管機關的第一線夥伴。值政府益見重視山村發展與夥伴關係，高山協作不僅是政府培力部落的重要管道，也是部落參與山林治理的路徑之一，勢必在部落永續發展論述上佔有關鍵的位置。

Taiwan's indigenous peoples, particularly the Bunun people residing in the Central Mountain Range, have a lifestyle deeply intertwined with mountain activities. In hiking, they often play roles such as guides, porters, cooks, and safety enforcers. In contemporary times, these roles are referred to as mountain collaborator. This is one of the few opportunities for industrial self-development in indigenous regions. However, there is limited research on Taiwan's mountain collaborator. This study aims to fill this research gap. Through qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews and participant observation, this study explores the industrial history, operational mechanisms, and network relationships of mountain collaborator Industry in Xinyi Township, Nantou County, and Haiduan Township, Taitung County. As early as the Qing dynasty and Japanese colonial periods, the Bunun people began to provide guiding and porter services for outsiders in mountainous areas. After the retrocession of Taiwan, the Centuple Mountains movement spurred a hiking trend, and the Bunun people's ability to carry heavy loads secured them many porter jobs, although they were often exploited by commercial teams. With the lifting of mountain restrictions, hiking became one of the most popular outdoor activities. The Bunun people also formed groups to industrialize and professionalize mountain collaborator: there are mountain collaborator assisting with long distance trekking, porters specializing in carrying supplies, and catering collaborator providing meals at specific locations. Mountain collaborator teams can offer on-site services such as high-altitude catering and equipment rentals along trail or collaborate with commercial hiking teams as guides and leaders through labor dispatch. This study discusses Taiwan's mountain tourism industry using the tourism supply chain framework of Zhang et al. (2009). The high mountain cooperation industry acts as a supplier within the supply chain, providing logistical and manpower support for mountaineering activities. Commercial climbing teams serve the role of travel agencies, responsible for market promotion and integrating other related industries such as transportation, accommodations, and local dining. Together, these two components form the core of commercial mountaineering activities. According to the four mountain tourism models proposed by Bodega et al. (2004) for the Alps region, this type of mountain tourism, dominated by commercial climbing teams, falls under the "governed model" characterized by low centralization and high relationship density. In some cases, the local high mountain cooperation industry has expanded into the realm of commercial climbing team operations, developing a one-stop-shop business model. This model, built on local social cohesion and trust, forms a cooperative network similar to the "constellation model" characterized by high relational density. Lastly, this study also finds that the sustainable development of the mountain collaborator industry largely depends on its interaction with regulatory authorities. The role and participation of local communities in mountaineering activities are also crucial considerations when discussing the broader issue of mountain tourism. Through public-private partnership models, the legal operation of the cooperation industry can be ensured, service quality and business stability can be improved. After the opening of mountain areas, the influx of large crowds necessitates effective governance of climbing routes, assistance in mountain rescue operations, and the provision of mountaineering education, positioning the cooperation industry as a key partner for regulatory authorities. As the government increasingly values mountain village development and partnerships, the high mountain cooperation industry not only serves as a vital channel for governmental support of tribes but also as a pathway for tribal participation in mountain governance, thus playing a crucial role in the discourse on sustainable development for indigenous communities.