從農村社區到綠能主體：新北市智慧綠能社區合作社之發展歷程探討

Abstract

即使能源轉型已成為趨勢，國內也少見綠能合作社的成立，由綠能合作社完成之公民電廠個案更仍為數不多。而在淡水，忠寮社區以「幸福中田寮，智慧綠能村」爭取到新北市農村再生社區之金牌農村，已在社區落成七座屋頂型光電公民電廠，以及三座由屋主投資的屋頂型電廠，其設置者是由「忠寮社區發展協會」與「淡水文化基金會」成員共同發起的「新北市智慧綠能社區合作社」，並且持續在新北、台北甚至桃園皆有屋頂型光電案場的落成，因是國內少數較有規模的綠能合作社，其發展值得公民參與綠能生產的經驗探討。 本研究以Walker and Devine-Wright之理論探討「新北市智慧綠能社區合作社」（以下簡稱「智綠社」）行動之過程（process）與結果（outcome），藉由參與式觀察、半結構訪談以及淡水地方文獻的爬梳，研究發現，忠寮社區的社區能源經驗並沒有隨著智綠社成長而隨之擴散，反而智綠社的行動有從公民電廠轉向統包工程之趨勢，案場與智綠社所在的地緣關係也有越趨薄弱的現象，然而透過分析其組織運作，卻可見智綠社的理監事多有緊密的地緣關係與社區連帶，也進一步從核心成員的個人背景資源，指認智綠社在當前的能源治理與能源市場結構中，需要靠著可以突破在地治理網絡與市場規模的專業技術，藉以維持合作社生存並持續擴大動能，走向能源自主—不論是開啟更多公民參與能源生產的機會，抑或是以共利進而回饋地方。 進一步分析智綠社何以未能擴散忠寮社區之經驗，本研究也揭示智綠社之所以能在忠寮社區實踐社區能源，是由認同綠能有助於社區營造的社區居民組織合作社而發起，進而在具體實踐屋頂型光電之後，引動更多願意實踐社區能源的居民出現，我將這些行動集體指稱為「綠能主體」，意在強調該主體對於綠能社區的認同與實踐，而其認同的根源仍須回到對社區營造的關注。結論指出，從公民電廠到統包工程對於智綠社自給有其關鍵影響，但在忠寮社區的經驗也可見，公民電廠對於綠能主體形成之必要性，綠能主體也包括認同公民參與綠能生產的主體性，以及公民實踐綠能的能動性，國內在能源轉型的政策裡，應多加重視綠能合作社這類得以引動綠能主體的公民組織，擴大應用社區能源的經驗。

Even though energy transition has become a trend, it is still rare to see the establishment of green energy cooperatives domestically, and community energy completed by green energy cooperatives are still few in number. In Tamsui, the Zhongliao community, under the motto "Happy Zhongliao, Smart Green Energy Village," won the gold medal for rural communities in New Taipei City's Rural Regeneration Community program. The community has established seven rooftop community solar and three additional rooftop power plants funded by homeowners. The installations were initiated by the "Zhongliao Community Development Association" and the "Tamsui Cultural Foundation" members, who together formed the "New Taipei Smart Green Energy Community Cooperative" (新北市智慧綠能社區合作社，SGECcoop). This cooperative has continued to establish rooftop photovoltaic projects in New Taipei, Taipei, and even Taoyuan, making it one of the larger-scale green energy cooperatives in the country. Its development is worth exploring in terms of citizen participation in green energy production. This study uses the theory of Walker and Devine-Wright to explore the process and outcomes of the actions taken by the Smart Green Cooperative. Through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and analysis of local literature from Tamsui, the study finds that the community energy experience in Zhongliao has not spread with the growth of the Smart Green Cooperative. Instead, the cooperative's actions are showing a trend of shifting from community solar to EPC projects, and the geographical relationship between the project sites and the cooperative is weakening. However, an analysis of the organization's operations reveals that the board members of SGECcoop have close geographical ties and community bounding. Further investigation into the core members' personal background resources indicates that the cooperative, within the current energy governance and market structure, needs professional expertise to break through local governance networks and market scale to sustain its survival and expand its momentum towards energy autonomy—be it by opening more opportunities for citizen participation in energy production or by contributing to local benefits through mutual gain. In further analysis of why SGECcoop has not been able to spread the experience of Zhongliao, this study reveals that the cooperative's ability to implement community energy in Zhongliao stemmed from the community residents' organization, who identified with green energy as beneficial for community empowerment and initiated the cooperative. Following the tangible practice of rooftop community solar, more residents willing to practice community energy emerged. These collective actions are referred to as the "Green Energy Subject," emphasizing their identification and practice of green energy within the community, with their identification rooted in the concern for community empowerment. The conclusion points out that the transition from citizen power plants to turnkey projects has a critical impact on the self-sufficiency of SGECcoop. However, the experience in Zhongliao demonstrates the necessity of citizen power plants in forming the Green Energy Subject, which includes the subjectivity of those who identify with citizen participation in green energy production and the agency of citizens practicing green energy. Domestic energy transition policies should place greater emphasis on green energy cooperatives, which can mobilize the Green Energy Subject and expand the application of community energy experiences.