越南語腹部詞之認知語意分析：以 bụng、lòng 與 ruột 為例

Abstract

本研究基於自建的語料庫，探討越南語中 “bụng”（腹）、 “lòng”（懷）及 “ruột”（腸）這三個詞的多義性，並強調其在越南語「腹部中心論」（abdominocentrism）中的核心角色。這三個詞透過概念相關的轉喻（metonymy）和隱喻（metaphor）來形成連貫的語義網絡，而「原則多義性」理論（Principled polysemy theory）指導了意義分析和辨識過程。本研究方法與傳統依賴作者主觀解釋逐一列舉意義的方法，如字典或先的研究，有明顯對比。作者將這三個詞的語義延伸分為三個層次：身體、空間和認知，並且利用認知語言學的三種工具——轉喻、圖像圖式（image schemas）和隱喻，研究揭示了這些多義意義之間的關聯。 研究結果顯示，這三個詞的基本語義源自於「腹部概念」，以及11個延伸語義和一個語義群（semantic cluster），多義性源於這些詞所描述的身體部位重疊，使得它們可以互換使用。然而，由於每個詞指涉了身體的不同部位的義項，所以三個詞各別也保留了獨特的語義屬性。這種區別在 “lòng” 這個詞中特別明顯， “lòng” 在越南語中被認為是身體的核心，涵蓋了最廣的範圍，包括了 “bụng” 和 “ruột”。因此， “lòng” 展現了最多樣的隱喻表達，成為越南語腹部中心論的核心概念。

This corpus-based study examines the polysemous meanings of the Vietnamese words bụng (belly), lòng (abdomen), and ruột (intestines), highlighting their central roles in the embodied concept of Vietnamese abdominocentrism. It demonstrates how these terms are interconnected through conceptually relevant metonymic and metaphoric associations within a coherent semantic network, with Principled Polysemy guiding the sense identification process. This theory-driven approach to lexical polysemy in Vietnamese contrasts with traditional methods that rely on the author’s subjective interpretations to catalog these senses individually, as seen in dictionaries or previous studies. The study categorizes the sense extensions of these three terms into three levels: body, space, and cognition. Utilizing three tools of cognitive linguistics—metonymy, image schemas, and metaphor—at these levels, the study reveals how these polysemous senses interrelate. The findings identify three primary senses rooted in the BELLY concept, alongside 11 extended senses and one semantic cluster. The polysemy arises from the overlap in the body parts these words describe, allowing for their interchangeable use. Nevertheless, each term also retains unique semantic properties due to the distinct areas of the body they cover. This differentiation is particularly notable with lòng, which is regarded as the core of the body in the Vietnamese language, covering the most extensive area and including both bụng and ruột. As a result, lòng displays the most varied metaphorical expressions, positioning it as the central concept of Vietnamese abdominocentrism.