論日本法上爭議行為之民事免責與損害賠償責任

Abstract

我國勞資爭議處理法第55條第2項明定合法爭議行為具有民事免責之效果，工會及其會員無需負擔損害賠償責任。惟於具體要件之解釋適用上，無論是爭議行為之概念、民事免責之對象、免除之責任類型與範圍，皆未有明確規定，須追溯至憲法所保障之團體爭議權內涵，以釐清集體勞動法上工會與個別勞工之間的法律關係。此外，對於未受有民事免責保障之違法爭議行為，工會或工會會員即可能負有民法上侵權行為損害賠償責任或債務不履行損害賠償責任。然而此種民事責任，應該完全地適用民法上損害賠償之相關規定，抑或是依據勞工或工會之團體行動性質而適度修正？此類案例於臺灣目前之集體勞動法判決中，雖尚屬罕見，惟已有日漸增加之趨勢。 本論文以勞資爭議處理法修訂時所參考之日本勞動組合法作為借鏡，考察日本法上學說與實務對於爭議行為之民事免責與損害賠償責任的相關討論，分別梳理違法爭議行為中個人責任、團體責任、兩責任間的關係，以及損害賠償責任之範圍。其後，以日本法之研究作為基礎，考量日本法與我國法之異同，檢討我國現行勞動法制上民事免責規定之適用要件，並在違法爭議行為之損害賠償責任方面，分析勞工個人責任與工會團體責任之存否及內涵，亦探尋其中之法律關係與賠償範圍，以期合理分配責任風險於工會團體與個別勞工之間。

Article 55, Paragraph 2 of Act for Settlement of Labor-Management Disputes stipulates that lawful industrial actions are given exemption from civil liability. Labor unions and their members are not liable for damages. However, specific interpretation regarding the concept of industrial actions, the scope of civil exemption, and the types and extent of exempted liabilities are not clearly defined. It is necessary to trace back to the constitutional protection of the right to dispute in order to clarify the legal relationship between labor unions and individual members in collective labor law. Additionally, for unlawful industrial actions not covered by civil exemption, labor unions or union members may be liable for damages due to tortious acts and non-performance of obligations under civil law. However, whether such civil liability should be fully governed by relevant provisions of civil law on damages, or appropriately adjusted based on the collective nature of industrial actions remains a question. Although such cases are still rare in current collective labor law judgments in Taiwan, there is a growing trend. This thesis investigates the civil exemption and liability for damages regarding industrial actions in Labor Union Act in Japan, which served as a reference during the amendment of Act for Settlement of Labor-Management Disputes in Taiwan. It reviews the discussions in Japanese legal theories and practice regarding individual liability, group liability, the relationship between the two, and the scope of liability for damages in unlawful industrial actions. Based on the research in Japanese law, it evaluates the applicability criteria of civil exemption provisions in Taiwanese current labor law system and analyzes the existence and implications of individual liability for labor union members and group liability for labor unions concerning liability for damages in unlawful industrial actions. Furthermore, it explores the legal relationships and compensation scopes involved, aiming to reasonably allocate responsibility between labor unions and individual workers.