日語音拍系統對華語聲調習得之影響

Abstract

近年來，於臺灣學習華語的日籍學生逐漸增加，對於日籍華語學習者的偏誤研究也隨之風行。在華語聲調的領域中，先行研究多以單字或雙音節詞作為偏誤分析的素材，較少看到日語音拍系統對於聲調習得的影響，以及語流層面和雙字詞層面偏誤差異的研究。為了彌補這個不足，本研究旨在探討在日語與華語音韻系統存在差異的前提下，此差異如何影響日籍華語學習者對華語聲調的習得。

從韻律角度看，日語屬於音拍計時語言（mora-timed language），而華語則屬於音節計時語言（syllable-timed language）；從詞語韻律類型看，日語屬於高低重音系統（pitch-accent system），華語屬於聲調系統（tone system）。這表明日語和華語在韻律和詞語韻律類型方面存在差異。

為了預測日籍華語學習者在華語聲調習得上的難點，本研究依據Labrune（2012）對日語音韻系統的理論，整理出兩條規則：規則一為「第一音拍和第二音拍的音高必定不同」，規則二為「在詞語層面上，音高一旦下降便不再上升」。根據這兩條規則，本研究以日籍華語學習者為對象，分別針對初級和中級程度的受試者提供不同的實驗材料，旨在觀察受試者對不同聲調組合雙音節詞的表現。

研究結果顯示，違反兩條規則的「二聲＋二聲」組合在所有聲調組合中聲調正確率最低，且受試者在單字調的表現上，前字的正確率高於後字。整體而言，四聲對日籍學習者來說最容易，二聲則最困難。兩條規則中，規則二對日籍學習者的影響大於規則一。在詞語層面和文章層面的聲調正確率表現上，部分實驗材料存在表現差異，多為文章層面之聲調正確率低於詞語層面。最後，根據本研究之研究結果，筆者提出了對於日語和華語在「音拍」上的初步發現，期望未來能夠將詞語位置、協同發音（coarticulation）等影響因素納入考量，於文章層面的聲調偏誤研究做進一步的探討。

In recent years, more Japanese students are learning Chinese in Taiwan, increasing research on their tonal errors. Most studies focus on single words or disyllabic words, with few examining connected speech. This study investigates the influence of the Japanese moraic system on Japanese learners' acquisition of Chinese tones and analyzes how phonological differences affect this process.

Literature indicates Japanese is a mora-timed language and a pitch-accent system, while Chinese is a syllable-timed language and a tone system, highlighting rhythmic and prosodic differences. Based on Labrune’s (2012) theory, this study proposes two rules: Rule 1 states "the pitch of the first and second mora must differ," and Rule 2 states "once the pitch drops at the word level, it doesn't rise again." These rules classify experimental materials into "higher predicted accuracy" and "lower predicted accuracy."

The experiment involves Japanese learners, with different materials for beginners and intermediate learners, including a short passage and twelve to fifteen disyllabic words. Results show the "Tone 2 + Tone 2" combination, which violates both rules, has the lowest accuracy. The first syllable's tone accuracy is higher than the second. Tone 4 is the easiest, and Tone 2 the hardest for Japanese learners. Rule 2 impacts learners more than Rule 1. Tonal accuracy differs between word and passage levels, with lower accuracy at the passage level. The study concludes with preliminary observations on mora in Japanese and Chinese, suggesting future research should consider word position and coarticulation for further exploration of tonal errors at the passage level.