中國美麗鄉村政策物質性再現的討論：以浙江省部分地區為例

Abstract

在中國，一種不同於西方社會的新型現代鄉村正在廣泛形成，改革開放40多年從「美麗中國」的建設，全面建成小康社會，到共同富裕的建設目標，「美麗鄉村」政策在其中起著至關重要的行動引導作用。本研究主要從物質性 (materiality) 的分析角度出發，討論「美麗鄉村」這一國家政策最初從在單一村落的實踐，逐漸被推廣為全國鄉村建設標準的背景和意義，及為何此政策的論述背後意在強化地方特色和多元下，其實踐中物質的建設卻反映出進一步加強同質性的產生。 在這個問題意識下，本研究主要以浙江省的美麗鄉村建設為例，討論中國現代鄉村發展的現象及趨勢。當下學界中關於鄉村場所、景觀、社會和存在的功能已有相當研究基礎，但多數得益於西方現代化的理論背景，中國亞洲經濟發展代表之一，本研究主張其鄉村發展暗示的是一個具有意義的轉向。爰此，本研究希望討論以下三個問題：首先，美麗鄉村的建設從單村示範到全國推廣，對於中國的鄉村發展展現出何種意涵；其次，關於建設物的物質性，如何在鄉村地區使其本身的真實再現或符號化展演賦予當代中國社會主義的意涵；最後，一些相似的物在展現其物質性的同時，如何形成一些鄉村成為範本案例，而另一些則成為政策發展論述中同質化的不同案例，兩種截然的局面。 本研究希望提出一種政治/物質的轉向論點，試圖重新審視中國現代鄉村的空間政治發展，進而理解新鄉村建設中被形構的物。現代中國社會主義承繼了政治經濟學的行動準則，使語言和事物之間的關聯被重塑。中國作為一個行政層級及權力垂直下分的國家，國家的指導和政策目標是全國各地的行動準則及方向，但行之於各地，其具體的行動可能會根據本地實際情況進行調整和「最佳化」，這是一種在框架中的自主，與強調市場自由、國家最小幹預和財政約束的西方新自由主義不同。當某一建設物被宣傳為是中國美麗鄉村發展典型的時候，該物質型態就被賦予了「中國美」的表徵意涵，這與70年代文革時期透過漫畫、插畫等方式傳播國族意識形態有異曲同工之處。對物的主動詮釋和集體想像的再現，也是造成了特色範本被推廣和權力影響下的範本模仿同質化，兩種不同局面的重要因素。所以，本研究藉由逆轉後殖民的地域化 (provincialization) 理論，從去中心化再現地方特性的視角，置於具有中國社會主義特性的美麗鄉村建設中，來理解鄉村空間內落實的物質如何被詮釋展現具有社會主義背景的物質性，一種意識形態影響空間政治 (the politics of space) 將不同地域的空間展現出範本化和同質化的現象。 換言之，本研究希望在一個新的視角下理解鄉村在現代中國社會下被賦予了何種角色，其中作為實質展現的物是如何被真實再現或被符號化展演的。最後試圖歸納討論中國現代鄉村發展的現象，以期填補亞洲鄉村研究的理論盲點，企圖讓一直深植在社會主義國家社會中的議題得以被更地緣性地理解，並以更地緣性的方式來直接面對中國新時代中此類隱性議題的發展。

In China, a new type of modern village different from Western society is widely forming. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, transitioning from the construction of a "Beautiful China" to the goal of building a moderately prosperous society and achieving common prosperity, the "Beautiful Countryside" policy has played a crucial role in guiding actions. This study primarily examines the "Beautiful Countryside" policy from the materiality perspective, discussing how it initially started from practices in single-village and gradually expanded to become the backdrop and significance of national rural construction standards. It explores why the discourse behind this policy aims to strengthen local characteristics and diversity, yet its material construction in practice reflects further homogenization. With this awareness, the study focuses on the construction of beautiful rural areas in Zhejiang Province, discussing the phenomena and trends of modern rural development in China. In contrast, there is considerable research on rural places, landscapes, social aspects, and functionalities, most of which benefit from a theoretical background in Western modernization. This study argues that China's rural development implies a meaningful shift as one of the representatives of Asian economic development. This paper addresses three main questions: First, what implications does the construction of beautiful rural areas have for rural development in China, transitioning from single-village demonstrations to nationwide promotion? Second, how do the material aspects of construction reflect or symbolically demonstrate contemporary Chinese socialist values in rural areas? Lastly, how do similar materials become template cases while others contribute to homogenization in policy development discourse? This study aims to propose a political/material turn argument, attempting to re-examine the politics of space development of modern villages in China and understand how materiality is constructed with socialist background ideology. Modern Chinese socialism inherits the action guidelines of political economy, reshaping the relationship between language and objects. China, as a country with administrative levels and vertical power distribution, provides guidance and policy goals that serve as action guidelines and directions for all regions. However, the specific actions may be adjusted and optimized according to local conditions, demonstrating a form of autonomy within the framework, contrasting with the emphasis on market freedom, minimal state intervention, and fiscal constraints of Western neoliberalism. When a particular construction is promoted as a typical representation of the beautiful countryside development in China, its material form is endowed with the symbolic significance of "Chinese beauty, " reminiscent of the dissemination of national ideology through cartoons and illustrations during the Cultural Revolution in the 1970s. Active interpretation and collective imagination of objects lead to the propagation of characteristic templates and the homogenization of template imitation under the influence of power, constituting two essential factors of different situations. Therefore, this study utilizes the theory of provincialization to reverse post-colonial localization, adopting a decentralized perspective to understand how the materiality implemented in rural spaces reflects the socialist background, where ideological influence on the politics of space manifests phenomena of standardization and homogenization across different regions. In other words, this research seeks to shed light on the role of rural areas in modern Chinese society from a new perspective, examining how tangible materials are represented or symbolically exhibited. Finally, this paper attempts to generalize the phenomena of modern rural development in China, aiming to fill theoretical gaps in Asian rural studies and facilitate a more geographical understanding of issues deeply rooted in socialist countries' societies, thereby directly confronting the development of such implicit issues in China's new era.