重新省思虛偽遷徙戶籍投票罪的合憲性與爭議問題——以保護法益的重構為中心

Abstract

我國地方選舉實務中長期存在透過遷籍取得投票權並參與投票的現象。儘管立法者於民國96年將虛偽遷徙戶籍投票行為的處罰明文化，系爭行為的處罰合憲性仍受到諸多質疑，憲法法庭112年憲判字第11號判決遂針對本罪進行比例原則與平等原則的審查，惟個別大法官意見書及文獻上仍存有不同看法。另一方面，從實際居住事實的認定、意圖使特定候選人當選的解釋到支持家庭成員競選的不罰事由，虛偽遷徙戶籍投票罪在解釋上也存在諸多困擾司法實務的爭議問題，有待分析與探討。 本文以虛偽遷徙戶籍投票罪上開既有爭議的重新省思作為問題意識，自合憲性疑義與爭議問題的共通前提——本罪保護法益出發，檢討關於本罪保護法益的既有說法並以信賴觀點重構虛偽遷徙戶籍投票罪的保護法益。本文再從信賴利益的觀點檢視本罪合憲性與爭議問題，以期可以透過保護法益的重構，為實際居住事實的未來認定疑義與其他選舉規則的正當性疑義，提供一個不一樣的思考維度。

The practice of relocating one's household registration to obtain voting rights and participate in the election has long existed in local elections in Taiwan. Although the legislature criminalized the act of voting after falsely household registration in 2007, the constitutionality of punishing such acts has been questioned on many grounds. The Constitutional Court therefore examined the proportionality principle and equality principle regarding this crime in 2023, but differing views remain in individual justices' dissenting opinions and academia. Moreover, issues from determining one's bona fide residence, interpreting the intent to have a specific candidate elected, and not to punishing one who intent to support family members campaigning have posed controversies in judicial practice when interpreting this crime of voting after falsely household registration. These issues warrant further analysis and discussion. With the aforesaid controversies regarding the crime of voting after falsely household registration as the issue awareness, this article rethinks the legal interests as the common premise of the constitutionality doubts and controversial issues, reviews existing theories on the legal interests protected by this crime, and reconstructs the legal interests from the perspective of confidence. This article then examines the constitutionality and controversial issues of this crime from the viewpoint of interests of confidence, hoping to provide a different dimension for future determination of issues of bona fide residence and legitimacy doubts of other election rules by reconstructing the legal interests.