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標題: | 地球製作?晚清小說域外行旅敘事 Re- configuring The Earth? The Overseas Travel Narratives in the Late Qing Fiction |
作者: | 吳佳鴻 Chia-Hung Wu |
指導教授: | 梅家玲 Chia-Ling Mei |
關鍵字: | 地球製作,晚清小說,域外行旅,編碼,知識體系, re- configuring the earth,late Qing fiction,overseas travel,coding,knowledge system, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 博士 |
摘要: | 本文探討晚清小說中的域外行旅敘事。從「編碼」的概念出發,思考當新知識與新經驗紛至杳來之際,晚清小說卻並不追求對世界的透明再現,亦並不總是滿足於承認、接受西方視野下被解碼、客觀存在、科學化的地球與萬物。相較之下,再編碼的欲望或衝動,總是存在於域外行旅敘事之中。本文指出:小說是賦予世界意義的一種方式。通過域外行旅敘事,晚清小說家整編、吸收並轉化新舊的不同編碼,而將西方視線主導下陌生的、客觀的地球,重新轉化、編碼為小說中的文本地球。
小說從中國旅人的視線出發,因而不論是華工的三等艙,又或者是醒獅艦隊與帝國大軍,他們的旅程,都為域外空間添加了中國觀點。晚清小說域外行旅敘事,正可視為是在西方科學面前瀕臨解碼的地球之上,加上一層小說誇張、狂想、或執迷於過往文化記憶的編碼,而使中國之外的世界得以被持續地表述、理解及想像。 本文以地球製作為主軸,所探討的內容涵蓋幾組關鍵概念,分別為「物與類」、「華與夷」、「過去與未來」、「性別與國族」以及「技術與展示」。在傳統的表達之中,物各有其類,而符號對於物的表述,也纏繞種種典故與記憶。但在新知識與西式分類學之前,人、物與文之間的關係改變,通過域外行旅敘事,小說既重新發現物,也同時是對類的再發明與再闡述;華與夷之間的差異與張力難以迴避,既可能呈現為異聲交響的應答,也可能是人種戰爭的兵戎相向。晚清小說的創造性,在於不僅只表達了種種華夷間的張力,也通過語言學習、扮裝與對話,設想了跨文化融匯的可能性。 域外行旅是為了抵達未來,還是為了追懷過往?細究文本中的敘事實踐,可以發現晚清小說往往在鋪張進步、誇耀未來文明的同時,透露此中種種的發明,原來皆與經典記憶、文化典故多所聯繫。種種海外新世界、未來帝國的設想,無非同時試圖發現過去;行旅中的性別因素也不容忽視。女學生與官眷的旅程貌似南轅北轍,但她們的性別皆成為小說表達廣大世界的策略,並同時透顯出中國的欲望與匱乏;種種科學小說的狂想,無非意在展示超卓的中國式科學技術,從而超克西方、廣覽全球,然而種種展示的欲望與狂想背後,則是潛藏的焦慮與恐懼。從器物到肉身,中國已經逐漸成為西方博物學視線下的被展示物。晚清小說既表達中西技術爭勝的狂想,更通過了種種博覽會與華人苦旅,勾勒黃種之為物的慘痛創傷。 地球製作的意義,在於拒絕簡單地遺忘種種文化典故與記憶而擁抱西方知識體系。晚清作者所嘗試的種種編碼策略,無不緊緊依附中國觀點:或涉及國族寓言,或轉化文化記憶與經典資源。如果遺忘過去、全盤西化或直線前進的時間觀,不是「現代」的唯一解答,那麼晚清作者對傳統的難以割捨,其實就是試圖轉化既有的記憶、典故或敘事套路,並藉以探索並想像中國式的現代化/性。 This dissertation focuses on the overseas travel narratives in the late Qing fiction. Through the key concept “coding”, the negotiation and creation by the late Qing writers toward foreign knowledge and modern experiences are thoroughly discussed. With both eastern and modern coding, the late Qing writers re- configuring the earth in the text. The late Qing fiction is more mimicry than representation. The reality that gazed and decoded by western empires and declares itself purely science and object is not satisfiable enough for the late Qing writers. In contrast, the desire or impulse to recode always exists in the travels in the late Qing fiction. From coding and recoding aspects, this dissertation argues that the late Qing fiction is a way to provide meanings for the world. Through the overseas travel narratives in the late Qing fiction, the late Qing writers retransformed and coded the strange and objective earth dominated by the Western vision into the textual earth in their writing. These fictions, starting from the perspective of Chinese travelers, adds a Chinese viewpoint to the transnational space, be it the third-class cabins of Chinese laborers or the voyages of the Awakening Lion fleet and the imperial army. The overseas travel narratives in late Qing fiction can be seen as a recoding process on the Earth, facing Western science. They add a layer of the late Qing fiction exaggeration, fantasy, or obsession with past cultural memories, which allows the world beyond China to be continuously articulated, understood, and imagined. This dissertation covers several key concepts, including "objects and categories," "Chinese and foreign," "past and future," "gender and nation," and "technology and display." In traditional expression, each object belongs to a certain category, and symbols are intertwined with various allusions and memories in describing these objects. However, with the advent of new knowledge and Western-style taxonomy, the relationships between people, objects, and culture changed. Through overseas travel narratives, the late Qing fiction not only rediscovers objects but also reinvents and elaborates on their categories. The differences and tensions between "Chinese and foreign" are inevitable; they can manifest as a symphony of different voices in response, or even lead to racial wars and hostility. The creativity of late Qing fiction lies not only in expressing the tensions between Chinese and foreign, but also in envisioning the possibilities of cross-cultural integration through language learning, disguise, and dialogues. Is overseas travel aimed at reaching the future or reminiscing the past? Upon closer examination of the narrative practices within the text, it can be discovered that late Qing fiction often boasts of progress and glorifies future civilization, yet it reveals that these inventions are intricately linked to classic memories and cultural allusions. The envisioning of various overseas new worlds and future empires is nothing but an attempt to rediscover the past. The gender factor in travel is also significant. Although the journeys of female students and officials' wives may seem contrasting, their gender becomes a strategic expression of the vast world in the late Qing fiction, simultaneously reflecting China's desires and deficiencies. The fantasies in various scientific fiction aim to showcase exceptional Chinese scientific technology, thereby surpassing the West and exploring the world. However, behind the desires and fantasies of these exhibitions lie hidden anxieties and fears. From objects to bodies, China has gradually become an object exhibited under the Western perspective of museum studies. late Qing fiction not only expresses fantasies of technological superiority between China and the West but also delineates the painful trauma of being treated as an object by the Yellow race through various expositions and the hardships of Chinese travelers. The significance of re- configuring the earth lies in rejecting the simple act of forgetting various cultural allusions and memories or embracing Western knowledge systems. The various coding strategies attempted by late Qing authors are all closely tied to the Chinese viewpoint: they involve national allegories or transform cultural memories and classic resources. If forgetting the past, completely Westernizing, or adopting a linear notion of progress is not the sole answer to "modernity," then the difficulty late Qing authors faced in relinquishing tradition is, in fact, an attempt to transform existing memories, allusions, or narrative patterns, and to explore and imagine a Chinese-style modernity. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/90674 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202303245 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 中國文學系 |
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