道路的生命政治：省道台六線中介的機會與困境

Abstract

本研究的核心發問是，道路在什麼樣的生命政治部署下，影響了不同人的生命機會？由苗栗的省道台六線所串起的地方，則是筆者探索生命政治部署如何發生，為何發生的空間範圍。我主張，台六線在國家追求石油能源的力量下步向現代化，現代化的過程改變地方社會的生活經驗，造成時空壓縮。並在近代邁入選舉制度為基礎的正當性政治。在這個過程中，台六線成為國家、地方派系和地方社會之間生命機會協商的場域。台六線作為能源運輸複合體，如同生命線般帶動產業繁榮，卻也在產業消失後成長無以為繼。台六線上的居民被塑造成「三等縣」的共同體。不過，持續追求道路建設沒有帶動經濟成長。台六線汽機車持有增加，替代道路蔓生，成為大眾運輸衰退的原因，並產生車禍意外等生命政治的課題。此時，見證台六線歷時性演變的居民逐漸老化，身體能力降低。老人生活世界的移動產生許多困難，補缺開始問題化。從過往記憶對照現下處境，高齡者的移動力受到意識形態、法規制度到空間配置等因素影響，形成台六線上移動力不均的現象。移動速度的快慢之間，邊緣移動主體有意識地避開台六線，這條像河流一般危險的「大路」。

台六線是移動基礎設施。筆者回顧基礎設施研究中如何理解基礎設施為異質的關係網絡，從技術政治的視角，提出基礎設施演變過程牽連的複雜圖像。強調技術的政治性，基礎設施在現代化下產生功能分化，邁向空間本身的生產。順此，筆者提出基礎設施多重化的概念，接著從人類學基礎設施民族誌中重視變動、偶然、生成、情感等面向，關注基礎設施的象徵和文化意義。本研究也以移動性為線索，在補缺移動的基礎上衍生出「補缺協商」和「權宜補缺」。筆者相對於生命政治觀點主張，生命政治下的道路治理，確保人口的健康和發展性，卻也帶來風險危機。過去發展總是追求與市場的連結，本研究嘗試提出生命機會超越資本積累的可能。

筆者考察大量歷史文獻、報導、照片，也採用民族誌式的田野調查，在台六線上各個路段和周遭社區移動觀察。除訪談之外，實際進入家宅、工廠、廟宇、社區、小徑，並偕同台六線上的高齡者一同行走，或實地走一遍他們曾走過的路徑。我從台六線上強烈的親緣社會特質中，尋覓不同時空記憶的交織。第二章考察主導道路規劃的地方政治領袖、資深記者，還原時空背景找回「脈絡」，分析道路作為生命政治部署的空間策略實作。接著第三章，我訪查因台六線帶來發展的小工廠主、就業者和客運業者，凸顯「好景不常」的現象，以及道路蔓生伴隨的弔詭。第四章當中，老人從過去的艱苦耗時到現今的緩慢移動，在不同時空中呈現移動的不平等。筆者在第五章總結道路作為生命政治的空間策略內涵，討論未現身的公民，生命政治部署形塑和排除特定生命機會形式的效果。

The central question of this study is, under what kind of biopolitics deployments do roads affect the life chances of different people? The area of Miaoli's provincial highway, the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 , is the spatial area in which the author explores how and why the biopolitics deployments have occurred. I argue that the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 was modernized by the power of the state's pursuit of petroleum energy, and that the process of modernization altered the lived experience of the local community, resulting in time-space compression, and in the modern era led to the emergence of a politics of legitimacy based on the electoral system. In this process, the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 became an area of negotiation between the state, local factions, and local communities in terms of life chance. As an energy-transportation complex, the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 has been a lifeline that has led to the prosperity of industries, but it has also become a place where growth can no longer be sustained after the disappearance of the industries. The people living on the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 have been shaped into a community of "third-class counties”. However, the continued pursuit of road construction has not led to economic growth. The increase in the number of automobiles on the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 and the spread of alternative roads became the reason for the decline of public transportation and the issue of biopolitics such as car accidents arose. At this time, the residents who have witnessed the temporal evolution of the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 are aging and their physical abilities are decreasing. Mobility in the world of the elderly has become difficult, and prosthetic become problematization. From past memories to present situations, the mobility of the elderly is affected by factors ranging from ideology, legal system, and spatial configuration, resulting in the phenomenon of uneven mobility along the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 . Between the speed of movement, the marginalized mobility entities consciously avoid the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 , which is a dangerous "big road" like a river.

The PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 is a mobile infrastructure. The author reviews how infrastructure is understood as a heterogeneous network of relationships in infrastructure research, and from the perspective of techno-politics, presents a complex picture of the implications of the evolution of infrastructure. Emphasizing the politics of technology, infrastructure has become functionally differentiated under modernization, moving towards the production of space itself. In this way, the author proposes the concept of infrastructure multiplication, and then focuses on the symbolic and cultural meanings of infrastructure from the anthropological ethnography of infrastructure, which emphasizes on the aspects of change, contingency, generation, and emotion. This study also uses mobility as a clue to derive the concepts of “prosthetic negotiation” and “expedient prosthetic” on the basis of prosthetic mobility. The author's viewpoint on the biopolitics is that the governance of roads under the biopolitics ensures the health and development of the population, but it also brings risks and crises. In the past, development has always pursued the connection with the market, but this study tries to propose the possibility of life chance beyond the accumulation of capital.

The author examined a large number of historical documents, reports, and photographs, and also used ethnographic fieldwork to move around and observe the various sections of the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 and the surrounding neighborhoods. In addition to interviews, I actually entered homes, factories, temples, neighborhoods, and trails, and walked with elderly people on the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 , or actually walked the paths they once traveled. I looked for the intertwining of memories from different time and space through the strong social characteristic of kinship on the ROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6. In the second chapter, In the second chapter, I examine the local political leaders and veteran journalists who led the planning of the road, recovering the "context" of time and space, and to analyze the road as a spatial strategy for the deployment of biopolitics. In the third chapter, I interviewed small factory owners, workers, and passenger carriers whose development was brought about by the PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY NO.6 , highlighting the phenomenon of " The morning sun never lasts a day." and the paradox of the road's sprawl. In Chapter 4, the elderly have moved slowly from the difficult and time-consuming past to the present, showing the inequality of mobility in different time and space. In Chapter 5, the author summarizes the connotations of the road as a spatial strategy of biopolitics, and discusses unpresented citizen, the effect of the deployment of biopolitics to shape and exclude specific forms of life chance.