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標題: | 「永續」?「發展」?農法變革中的論述與實作: 以玉里稻作為主的分析 ’’Sustainability’’? ’’Development’’? Discourse and Practice in the Changing of Farming Craft: An Analysis Focused on the Rice of Yuli. |
作者: | 王乃雯 Nai-Wen Wang |
指導教授: | 林開世 Kai-Shi Lin |
關鍵字: | 稻米,物性,「永續」,「發展」,農法變革,國家, Rice,Materiality,’’Sustainability’’,’’Development’’,The Transformation of Farming Craft,State, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 博士 |
摘要: | 當前,「永續發展」幾乎已成全球氣候及生態危機下之顯學,而在農業領域中,「有機」農法幾乎獨佔對「永續」的詮釋。在稻米作為台灣常民主食且仍是全台農地主要農作之下,其農法轉型便更具指標意義。歷史上,台灣稻米的生產流通長期受國家製肘,而近半世紀以來,稻作農村從早期國家提取原始積累來源的對象,到公糧制度確立後,轉換以「補助/貼」為主的路徑。在國際政經壓力下,公糧制度面對挑戰,政策上轉以「精緻化」與「規模化」並行因應。而稻作農村的際遇,也因東西部歷史條件相異,而有不同發展路徑。
本文以全台單一鄉鎮稻作面積最大的玉里為對象,以「場域」概念及「多點民族誌」作為方法,來理解「永續」「發展」如何在不同時期國家的權力部署中,形構了地方社會權力關係的交錯與挪移。而稻米生產的高度機械化、需加工、耐儲存、為主糧的物性(materiality),亦是新權力關係發展時的重要節點。 在「精緻化」路線中,官民兩端以論述「新價值」內涵作為溢價(premium)的正當性來源,而「新價值」也延展出產銷關係的新形式;而以債務為基礎的「規模化」機械經營路線,形塑由地佃關係衍生的交纏權力網路,致使其粗放化經營最終與精緻化路線產生扞格,最終與精緻化路線產生扞格。然而,兩種相異的政策路線,卻不約而同將補助對象轉向以個別農民為重,強調主體理性的經濟運作。在高度以消費市場(對比於公糧的不完全市場)為依歸下,稻農們嘗試在政策的縫隙間,依循自身資本條件組裝各式農法配置,以突破既有權力部署。 在「有機」立法後的嚴苛條件與驗證下的投機空間,促使有機田間實作在各種風險下,30多年來仍未超過全台稻作面積3%,形成有機論述高漲而生產實作稀缺的困境。此一斷裂一方面來自生產流通缺乏整合,造成多數有機農民難以專業化維生;另一方面有機實作的生產成本依社會平均勞動時間訂價,當國家未整合其生產條件或消費渠道,溢價化的消費市場自然趨向小眾。因此,在「永續發展」的前提與稻米作為國民主食的道德基礎上,溢價化攸關的並非僅是個人消費選擇而是集體政治議題。 此外,「精緻化」及「規模化」路線在競爭下所涉及資本密集化的過程,形成稻作農村從異質化到分化的基礎,原存於糧商與農民之間的對抗關係,在農民成為小商品生產者後,卻可能只是強化資本主義的主導邏輯,形成Bourdieu(1996)所言「順從的反抗」。在農村原有社會關係裂解中,如何以「共善/共好」為名的社會資本謀求另類發展,也將成為未來農村社會關係再脈絡化的觀察重點。 At present, "sustainable development" has almost become a global phenomenon in the context of climate and ecological crises, and in the field of agriculture, "organic" farming is almost the only interpretation of "sustainability". With rice being a common food in Taiwan and still a major crop in all of Taiwan's farmlands, the transformation of its agricultural practices is even more significant. Historically, the production and distribution of rice in Taiwan has long been subject to state control, and over the past half century, rice farming has shifted from an early target of state extraction of the original source of accumulation to a "subsidy " oriented path after the establishment of the public grain system. In the face of international political and economic pressure, the public grain system has been challenged with a policy of "refinement" and "scaling up" in response. The situation of rice farming villages also has different development paths due to different historical conditions in the eastern and western Taiwan. This paper takes Yuli, the largest rice farming township in Taiwan, as its target, and uses the concept of "field" and "multi-point ethnography" as a method to understand how "sustainability" and "development" have shaped the intersection and displacement of local social power relations in the deployment of state power in different periods. The materiality of rice production, which is highly mechanized, processed, and stored as staple food, is also an important point in the development of new power relations. In the route of "refinement", the government and the people use the discourse of "new value" as a source of premium legitimacy, and "new value" also extends to a new form of production and marketing relationship. However, the two different policy paths have resulted in the creation of an intertwined power network derived from the land tenancy relationship. However, the two different policy lines coincide in shifting the target of subsidy to individual farmers and emphasizing the rational economic operation of the main body. Under the high level of consumer market (compared to the incomplete market of public food), rice farmers try to assemble various configurations of agricultural laws according to their own capital conditions in the gap of policies, in order to break through the existing power deployment. The stringent conditions and the room for speculation under the "organic" legislation have led to the fact that organic field cultivation has not exceeded 3% of the total rice crop area in Taiwan for more than 30 years under various risks, resulting in the dilemma of plentiful organic discourse and scarce production. On the other hand, the production cost of organic farming is priced according to the average labor time in the society. When the country does not integrate its production conditions or consumption channels, the premium consumer market naturally tends to be niche. Therefore, based on the premise of "sustainable development" and the moral foundation of rice as a daily food, premiumization is not just about individual consumption choices but about collective political issues. Moreover, the process of capital intensification involved in the "refinement" and "scale-up"route under competition forms the basis for the heterogeneity to differentiation of the rice farming village. The antagonistic relationship that existed between the grain merchants and the farmers may only reinforce the dominant logic of capitalism after the farmers become small commodity producers, resulting in what Bourdieu (1996) calls a "submissive resistance". In the disintegration of the original social relations in rural areas, how social capital in the name of "common good " seeks alternative development will also become the focus of observation in the future re-patterning of rural social relations. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/87841 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202300813 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 人類學系 |
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