包容作為制度：瓦瑟如何實踐寬容

Abstract

瓦瑟（Michael Walzer）作為重要的當代政治哲學家，其《論包容》（On Toleration）獲得之關注卻不多。原因可能在於隱晦的書寫方式，以及容易引起誤會的五種包容體制。本文旨在提供《論包容》（On Toleration）一條新的詮釋路徑，並稱之為「包容作為制度」。瓦瑟區分出態度之寬容（tolerance）以及行為之包容（toleration），強調政治體層次之包容，以制度應對了寬容難以實踐之特性。這一點有別於過往學者多半關注個人層次之寬容。《論包容》另一個精彩之處在於「後現代包容」：當代生活中認同標籤多元化，人們需要更積極的寬容態度。文中嘗試結合「包容作為制度」以及「後現代包容」，推衍出「包容式處理」，探索如何以制度培養寬容態度。後半段則以瓦瑟包容論述來探討臺灣之包容現況，以及反思婚姻平權議題。

This thesis provides a new interpretation of Walzer’s On Toleration. Scholars usually focus on Walzer’s “five regimes of toleration”. However, this tendency may undervalue Walzer’s work. When it comes to tolerance, the problem of practice is often highlighted. In this thesis’ view, Walzer actually solves this problem. Practice is emphasized by distinguishing between toleration (the practice) and tolerance (the attitude). Institution ensures the practice of toleration, which means that Walzer’s toleration is more about political body than single person. Second half of this thesis reflects on Taiwan’s toleration and issue of marriage equality by applying Walzer’s toleration discourse.