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Title: | 搶救癮君子大作戰 —歐盟菸害防制政策成效及給台灣的啟示 Fighting to Save Chain Smokers - Implications for Taiwan from the EU's Smoke Prevention and Control Policy |
Authors: | Pei-Chun Tang 唐佩君 |
Advisor: | 楊銘欽(Ming-Chin Yang) |
Keyword: | 菸害防制政策,素面包裝,歐盟菸草指令,電子煙,菸草終結, Prevention and Control Policy of Tobacco,Plain Packaging,EU Tobacco Directive,Electronic Cigarette,Tobacco Endgame, |
Publication Year : | 2019 |
Degree: | 碩士 |
Abstract: | 菸草流行是世界上最大公共衛生威脅之一,每年造成全球 700 多萬人死亡, 其中逾 600 萬人死因與吸菸相關。本文研究表明,歐洲聯盟多管齊下且與時俱進的菸草預防和控制政策有效減少了菸草使用:例如限定香菸有害物質含量、擴大菸盒健康圖文警告面積、禁止菸商廣告及公關贊助活動、擴大無菸環境、打擊非法菸品貿易及規範氣霧式及加熱式新興菸(煙)品。
本文使用文獻分析法,彙整包括學術期刊、歐盟及其成員國官方統計數據、世界衛生組織(WHO)報告、非政府組織及新聞媒體報導。以歐盟為例是因為歐盟有 28 個會員國,人口超過 5 億,其經濟規模全球最大。而且歐盟身受其害,每年導致約 70 萬人死亡,是聯盟境內最主要可避免的死亡原因,影響如此嚴 重促使歐盟祭出一系列菸害防制政策。 歐盟執委會(European Commission)自 2001 年發布第一版菸草管理指令、 2003 年簽署 WHO「菸草控制框架公約」、2005 年實施菸品警示包裝法規、2009 年發布無菸環境建議書、 2011 年實施菸稅指令、2014 年通過更新版菸草指令, 2016 年更禁止販售加味菸,從菸盒包裝管制,警示圖文、廣告限制無菸環境、打擊非法貿易及反菸宣傳,讓歐洲吸菸率一路下滑,自 2002 年的 39.4%下降至 2014 年約 26%,可謂是搶救癮君子大作戰。 除了歐盟統一的菸草管理指令,歐盟成員國個別國家也有其自身菸害防制政策,例如英國不斷持續擴大禁菸範圍、法國除擴大禁菸範圍外更是大幅調高菸 價,此外,已有部份國家提出將吸菸率降低到 5%的「菸草終結」(tobacco endgame),包括愛爾蘭訂為 2025 年、芬蘭訂為 2030 年、蘇格蘭 2034 年。 本文總結歐盟菸害防制政策,認為包括菸盒素面包裝、擴大警示圖文面積 以降低菸品吸引力、提高菸價菸稅等都是有效策略。台灣在 1997 年起實施《菸害 防制法》,訂定禁菸場所、菸業與販賣者管理、戒菸、教育、廣告等規範,但如 果台灣希望再進一步減少菸草消費,歐盟的啟示是政府必須強化政治決心,不斷強化防制政策。 The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced, killing more than 7 million people a year. More than 6 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use. The study has shown that keep-updated tobacco pre- vention and control policy of the European Union (EU) has significantly reduced tobacco use by several effective methods: limiting the hazardous substances in cigarette, enlarging health warning on the packs, banning on huge media campaign, expanding smoke-free public areas, and fighting against illegal cigarette trade. This study uses Document Analysis by searching and analyzing documents about how the EU manages to reduce its smoking population. The sources of documents include academic publications, official statistics of the EU and its member countries, reports from the World Health Organization (WHO), media coverages as well as from non-govern- mental organizations. To understand how national policy could affect the reduction of tobacco consump- tion, it can’t miss out from the case of the EU. The EU is the world's largest economy with a total population of more than 500 million people from 28 countries. However, according to the EU, tobacco consumption is the most significant cause of premature death, nearly 700,000 deaths every year. Moreover, smoking is the single largest avoida- ble health risk in the EU. The serious impact of smoking has brought the EU to be deter- mined to strengthening its tobacco control. Since 2001, the European Commission has launched several important policies to fight its tobacco challenge. It issued the first edition of the Tobacco Directive to better manage the tobacco products in 2001. It further strengthened the requirement for health warning on the cigarette packs in 2005, and launched the smoke-free environmental pro- posal in 2009. In 2011, the tobacco tax directive was implemented by requiring a mini- mum tobacco tax that directly caused a significant higher cost for smoking. In 2014, the second tobacco directive was passed after its first edition in 2001 and the sales of flavored tobacco was for the first time prohibited. The continuous actions taken by the EU has reduced its smoking rate from 39.4% in 2002 to 26% in 2014. Within the EU guideline, the 28 EU member countries also have their own tobacco control policies. The United Kingdom expand the scope of smoking bans. France has substantially increased the price of tobacco. Many countries have further proposed the 'tobacco endgame,' aiming to reduce the smoking rate to 5% in 2025 for Ireland, in 2030 for Finland, and in 2034 for Scotland. The study concludes that the effective methods learned from the EU practices against the tobacco consumption, such as the usage of plain packaging, enlargement warning label and a price increase. This study suggests that if any country, including Taiwan, aims to reduce its tobacco consumption, a stronger political commitment along with the national regulation and the policy is a necessity. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/7394 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU201900232 |
Fulltext Rights: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
metadata.dc.date.embargo-lift: | 2029-01-30 |
Appears in Collections: | 公共衛生碩士學位學程 |
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ntu-108-1.pdf Until 2029-01-30 | 627.04 kB | Adobe PDF |
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