近義數量詞「二、兩、雙、對、副」之語義探析及其成語構式

Abstract

成語為漢語特殊的「習語」（idioms），具有形式固定、語義精練的特性，經過漫長的時間而被人們習用至今。其中，數詞直接淺白的語義表達以及為數眾多的成語條目，使數詞成語在漢語成語中自成一類。由於人們表達的需求，若干常見的四字格數詞成語形式在現代漢語仍不斷地產生，例如「一魚兩吃」或「一僕二主」。 本文旨在探討具有「二」語義的近義數量詞「二、兩、雙、對、副」在成語中的語義表現，並使用構式語法（Construction Grammar）分析「一X二Y」、「一X兩Y」與「三X兩Y」等三種類型頻率最高的成語構式。除了探討以上三種成語構式的構式義之外，本文也進一步透過語料庫，分析該構式在今日的用法與能產性。 過去在討論成語中的數量義時，除了自然數「二」之外，其他在現代漢語裡同樣具有「二」語義的數量詞「兩、雙、對、副」並未獲得同等的重視。本研究藉由檢索古典文獻整理出「二、兩、雙、對、副」的歷時語義流變，以此觀察出其在成語裡各自具有的語義表現。 「二」可用以表示「次序或數量為二」，「兩」則是表示「總數為二」。「雙」強調「整體」，「對」強調「相配」，而「副」則是強調「組合」。整體來說，近義數量詞組「二、兩、雙、對、副」各自具有不同的語義側重點，且五者在單字義上的異同也呈現於成語語義與成語構式之中。

“Cheng-yu”, aka Chinese idiomatic expressions, are characterized by four-character forms and refined meanings, and have been used for a long history. Among numerous Chinese idioms, those with numerals stand out as a special category because of their direct and plain semantics and their quantity among Chinese idioms. Several common four-character forms with numerals still have high productivity nowadays due to people's needs of communication, such as “one fish cooked in two ways” (一魚兩吃) or “one servant of two masters” (一僕二主). The purpose of this research is to explore the semantic characteristics of five synonymous numerals and quantifiers “er(二) ‘two’, liang(兩) ‘two’, shuang(雙) ‘pair’, dui(對) ‘pair’ and fu(副) ‘a set of’”, all of which refer to “two” in quantity. Adopting the framework of Construction Grammar, we analyze three idiomatic constructions which have high type frequency, i.e. “yi-X-er-Y” (一X二Y), “yi-X-liang-Y” (一X兩Y) and “san-X-liang-Y” (三X兩Y). We also explored the usage and productivity of the constructions through the corpus collected in recent years. Previous research mainly focused on “er” (二two) when analyzing the quantitative meaning of Chinese idioms while the other four words did not receive enough attention. In this research, the diachronic semantic changes of “er(二) ‘two’, liang(兩) ‘two’, shuang(雙) ‘pair’, dui(對) ‘pair’ and fu(副) ‘a set of’” were investigated such as their idiomatic semantic representations that could be analyzed at a later stage. To sum up, these five words each emphasize on different aspect of semantic meaning: “er(二)” can be used as “the order or quantity”, while “liang(兩)' means 'the total amount'. “Shuang(雙)” emphasizes the concept of “entity”; “Dui(對)” emphasizes “complement”, and “fu(副)” emphasizes “combination”.