論傅柯的考古學作為一種方法

Abstract

本論文要研究的是米歇爾．傅柯提出的「考古學」，討論作為一種「方法」的考古學是什麼。首先追溯傅柯的提問，討論傅柯所詮釋的康德，經由討論各個時期的傅柯對康德的詮釋，可以看到經由傅柯重新詮釋和轉化後的「批判」已經不同於康德的批判哲學，這是一種不斷越界的態度。透過這些討論，可以歸納出傅柯考古學方法的四個特性(可能性條件、知識、越界、啟蒙)。接著以這四個特性作為分析架構，把《詞與物》當成傅柯運用其考古學方法的一個案例，可以從中看到考古學特性的發揮，並得出「人之終結」的結論。與《詞與物》相關的是《知識考古學》這本專論方法的著作，透過對這本書的討論，可以釐清傅柯對過去觀念史研究所使用的分析單位之檢討，看到考古學如何有別於其他觀念史、思想史、科學史等等研究方法，並再次展現了本研究歸納出的考古學四個特性。最後，將討論考古學之後的發展。即使後來傅柯轉向系譜學，但是考古學方法並未被放棄。然而傅柯和後現代的關係引起了質疑，因此必須要討論傅柯對尼采的詮釋，透過不同時期傅柯對尼采的不同詮釋，可以澄清這些方法上的特性以及基本立場。

This study is about Michel Foucault’s “archaeology” and discusses what is archaeology as a method. First, by reviewing the question about Kant asked by Foucault and discussing Foucault’s interpretation of Kant, we can see the difference between Kant’s critical philosophy and the “critique” interpreted by Foucault, which is an attitude of persistent transgression. Under these discussion, we can get four characteristics of Foucault’s archaeological method. They are the conditions of possibility, savoir, transgression and enlightment. And then, apply these four characteristics as an analytical framework, we can see The Order of Things, which reveals the characteristics of archaeology, as a case of the application of the archaeological method and get a conclusion of “the end of man”. Then under the discussion of The Archaeology of Knowledge that is related to The Order of Things, we can clarify the units used by the historians of ideas that are criticized by Foucault, and we can discover the differences between the method of Foucault’s archaeology and the others (such as the historians of ideas, thoughts and sciences). It reveals the four characteristics of archaeology inducted from our study again. Finally, the development after Foucault’s archaeology is the genealogical turn, but the archaeological method was not quitted by Foucault. However, the genealogical turn induced the questions of post-modernism which guide the discussion of the relationship between Foucault and Nietzsche. By discussing Foucault’s interpretation of Nietzsche, we can review the characteristics of Foucault’s method and his fundamental positions.