「新しい」という意味を表す接頭辞的要素について―「あら」、「にい」、「新」、「ニュー」、「ネオ」―

Abstract

在構詞學領域，相較於前綴來說，後綴往往因具有詞性轉換功能而廣受矚目，至今已有諸多論著研究，但是筆者認為前綴也具有一定的研究價值。此外鉴于目前尚未有同時對日文中和語、漢語、外來語前綴所進行的詳盡研究，本論文圍繞表示“新”的若干前綴，即和語系的“あら” “にい”漢語系的“新”和外來語系的“ニュー”“ネオ”，從構詞性質、文法功能和語意三個層面進行考察，探求彼此之間的異同點。主要結論如下三點。 從語構成性質來看，和語系的“あら” 和“にい”、外来語系的“ニュー”和“ネオ”皆以2單位語彙為主，且幾乎只和同語種的語基相結合。而漢語系的“新”則可形成2單位以上的語彙，並且能和多種語種的語基相結合。 從文法功能上來看，和語系的“あら” 和“にい” 、外来語系的“ニュー”和“ネオ”中有少數的動名詞用法，譬如「にい枕する」、「ニューオープン(する)」，此外幾乎均為名詞用法。此外，值得留意的是“ネオ”有「ネオヒッピー(な)」這樣從名詞用法派生出的形容詞用法的個例。而漢語系的“新”則除了名詞用法以外，還有不少如「新奇(な)」、「新発見(する)」等等的形容詞用法和動名詞用法。 從語義上來看，和語系的“あら”和“にい”的語例以表示生活、自然方面的語彙最多，多含有 “剛完成的，尚未…的”、“最初的、第一次的”，“新生的”之意，但多為古典日文用語，是日文現代用語中少見的用法。漢語系的“新”和外来語系的“ニュー”和“ネオ”的語例均以體現人類活動的為多。其中，漢語系的“新”的語例過半表達“新”這一基本義，此外也还有其他多種有關“新”的含義和用法。外来語系的“ニュー”和“ネオ”則多表示“新興的，與以往不同的，新奇的”或“通過復興、改造而變得先進的、進步的”之意，帶有正向色彩。

In the field of word construction, compared with prefixes, more attention has been paid to researches on suffixes because of the part-of-speech transforming function, although prefixes are considered have certain research value. In addition, there are currently no comprehensive studies on prefixes of Wago, Kango and Gairaigo in Japanese language. Therefore, this research focuses on several prefixes meaning 'new'--'ARA' and 'NI' in Wago, 'SIN' in Kango, 'NYU' and 'NEO' in Gairaigo. The research was conducted from the perspective of word construction, grammatical function and meaning to explore the similarities and differences among the several prefixes. From the perspective of word construction, 'ARA' and 'NI' in Wago, 'NYU' and 'NEO' in Gairaigo are mainly composed of 2 units words. In addition, they can rarely be combined with stems from other origin. However, 'SIN' in Kango can form more than 2 units of word, and it can not only be combined with Kango stems, but also with the Wago, Gairaigo and origin- mixed stems. From the perspective of grammatical function, except some gerund usage examples, the words of 'ARA' and 'NI' in Wago, 'NYU' and 'NEO' in Gairaigo are mainly used as nouns, but there is a special case of “neo-hippie” used as adjective. In contrast, it shows that besides noun usage in normal case, many examples of 'SIN' in Kango also have adjective usage and gerund usage. From the perspective of meaning, 'ARA' and 'NI' in Wago have the most vocabulary of life and nature, expressing the meaning of 'just completed, not yet ...' ,'initial, first', 'newborn', but almost all of these words are used in classical Japanese, not nowadays normalJapanese. On the other hand, words of 'SIN' in Kango, 'NYU' and 'NEO' in Gairaigo usually reflect human activities. The difference between Kango and Gairaigo is that 'SIN' has many meanings referring to 'new' although it usually expresses the basic meaning of it, but 'NYU' and 'NEO' in Gairaigo mainly refer to 'emerging, unusual, novel' or 'becoming advanced and progressive through revival and transformation' which have a positive impression.