閾限聚落到都市社區—洲美開發安置歷程研究

Abstract

洲美里位於台北市行政區邊界，河流下游匯集之處，由於延滯的開發計劃及長期受到「禁止建築」管制，低矮住宅及鐵皮工廠混雜在農地與灌溉渠道間，使洲美地景與鄰近的都市環境存在落差，其停滯與非正式化甚至受到違法與衰敗的污名。洲美未竟的現代化都市工程，順理成章地被地方政府視為開闢科技園區的位置。為實現都市計畫藍圖，長期聚居於此的沿河聚落面臨拆遷，並移居至政府規劃的住宅大樓。 本研究在聚落劇烈變化之際，見證洲美聚落的急遽轉變和消失。我將其處境比擬為身處都市化的儀式過程中，且漫長延滯的過程是閾限（Liminality）狀態。回溯聚落數十年的歷史成因，我以「閾限聚落」描述洲美的原始社群，一種外於都市社會範型、模糊與不確定的集體生活狀態。然而在閾限結束之際，聚落社會將歷經裂解與重組為合乎於社會想像的都市社區。 當日常生活場域自原聚落轉移至都市社區時，部分居民需爭取其維持生計和續居本地的權利。居所的劇烈變化下，他們以日常實踐適應、調整與重塑個人生活與社會網絡，甚至面對文化延續的挑戰。我區分出閾限聚落中原有的人際交陪運作、新舊搬遷時的解體混亂，及最後進入重視產權劃界的都市社區，三個階段描述強迫轉型中緊張的社會關係，指出其中有衝突、協商和無奈，同時可能對都市中習以為常的居住規範產生翻轉。進一步到，集體住居的不可逆進程，也牽涉對地方社會與文化變換的影響。 本研究的總結整個都市化儀式歷程，始於土地關係改變，進而在現代規劃以及房產的市場化和商品化的過程中，發生居住者的替代且改變了地方的社會與空間關係，迫使農業聚落成為一個城市環境。

Zhoumei is located at the border of Taipei’s administrative precincts where major rivers merge, and owing to an overdue planned development and the concomitant restriction of issuing building permit it was characterized by a landscape of temporal suspension that low-rise and courtyard buildings, sheet metal factories interspersed between farmland and irrigation waterways. Its backwater and informal status was further stigmatized as an illegal and declined area that a new master plan focused on a science-and-technology park was, in a rather taken-for-granted preconception, adopted to resume the unfulfilled modernist scheme and to replace the original settlement. The long-term inhabitants of the riverside village were impelled to accept the fate of demolition and relocation to a new cluster of modernistic housing. This research began at a time of turmoil at the end of a long hiatus and witnessed the drastic transformation and disappearance of Zhoumei Settlement. I analogize the process of intended urbanization as a ritual and appropriate the metaphor of liminality to theorize the deferred condition of Zhoumei. Tracing back many decades of the structural conundrum, I describe the original community of Zhoumei as a liminal settlement, an ambiguous and uncertain status of collective living beyond the conceived and perceived urban paradigms. But when the deadline of liminality drew near, the settlement society was deterritorized and reassembled into an urban community conforming to the general social expectations. When the realm of everyday life morphed from the historical settlement into an urban community, some of the original inhabitants strived for their rights to sustain their livelihood and local identity. They have confronted the challenges of adaptations, adjustments, reorganization of social networks, and cultural sustainability through daily practices of a burgeoning and localized urbanism. I distinguish the social interactions and exchanges of the liminal settlement from the chaotic disintegration of social relationship during the time of relocation and the new social structure bounded by the property boundaries of the urban community. The three stages delineate the conflicts, negotiations, and self-empowerment within the tight social relations in the face of forced transformation, and they also implicate the irreversible progress of collective living that affects different liminal personae of social and cultural subjectivities. This research concludes that the ritual of urbanization changes the socio-spatial relationship of the liminal settlement and, en route of modern planning as well as marketization and commodification of housing property, compels the farming settlement to become an urban environment.