侵害「不法行為人」之侵權責任

Abstract

本論文「侵害『不法行為人』之侵權責任」主要探討當侵權事實之被害人係「不法行為人」時，其所得主張之侵權損害賠償請求權將受到如何之影響。 對此，本文分成兩部分加以說明。於第一章：「被害人之不法情事」於侵權責任體系之定位，本文欲先找到「被害人之不法行為或不法情事」在侵權責任構成要件中的正確定位。對此，我國實務判例或英美法之Ex Turpi Causa原則似將「被害人之不法情事」置於「過失」要件或以為「獨立抗辯事由」加以考量。然而本文以為，對於「被害人之不法情事」如何影響加害人侵權責任之成立，其實只要精確操作侵權行為之各要件做分析判斷，其實就能完整考量被害人之不法情事對加害人侵權行為之影響，得出合理之結果。而更深入言之，探究「加害人之不法情事」對於侵權責任之影響，應集中於「權利或利益侵害」與「損害」要件下討論，被害人之不法情事是否使其所主張之權利或利益成為「不法權利」或「不法利益」、所受之損害成為「不法損害」。 於第二章：侵害「不法利益」或「不法損害」之侵權責任，則接續前章之結論，探討何種情況下，被害人所主張之利益為不法利益或所受之損害為不法損害，而影響其侵權損害賠償之請求。本文以為，「不法利益」與「不法損害」之所以排除於侵權責任法保障之列，主要在於維持法律秩序的無矛盾性，使法律體系所反面排除之價值，不得藉由損害賠償而「填補」之。準此，「不法利益」應指「法規範的整體、終局判斷中，民事上不應歸屬於被害人之利益」；而「不法損害」則指「該損害所彰顯之『利益減損』，該利益係法規範之判斷中，有意終局地禁止取得或自被害人的整體利益中剝奪者」。而對此之具體判斷，須綜合就整體法秩序加以判斷。 本文期待，本文所建立之審查流程與認定方式，能對於侵權案件中被害人屬「不法行為人」時如何決定加害人之侵權責任，發揮指引之功能，使議題正確聚焦，避免對於不相干之因素混淆判斷。

The thesis “The Tort Liability of Infringement upon Illegal Plaintiff” focuses mainly on how an unlawful conduct of the plaintiff can affect his right of compensation in tort cases. The aim of the first chapter is to correctly find out the role of “illegality of plaintiff” in a tort case under taiwan civil law. The precedent of taiwanese court and the doctrine of ex turpi causa in common law both seem to take “illegality of plaintiff” as a reason to negate a duty of care or a special defence. However, through a detailed analysis, the thesis believes that by practicing the inherent constitutive requirements of tortious liability in each case presicely, we can deal with this problem and reach a reasonable solution in exisiting legal framework already. In the second chapter, the thesis points out that when the damage of the plaintiff is deemed “illegal” due to his own illegality, this damage can not be compensated. The reason to refuse the compensation of “illegal damages” is to maintain the integrity of legal system. Therefore, whether the damage is “illegal” or not should be based on the interpretation result of the integrity of law.