營建業國際化過程之動態折衷模型

Abstract

本研究推導出國際化過程的動態折衷模型，並且針對營建產業探討國際化策略。首先藉由Uppsala模型對國際化過程提出的動態觀點來強化折衷模型動態的一面，並藉由動態的折衷理論探討國際化過程演變的機制及國際化策略如何依循不同階段下的自身及環境條件而改變。折衷理論是從所有權優勢、區位優勢及內部化優勢來探討企業的海外活動。在本研究提出的模型中，所有權優勢被視為推動國際化過程的重要因子及制定國際化策略首要審視的條件。動態折衷模型的基本概念即為所有權優勢會影響企業對於區位優勢及內部化優勢的考量，意即市場的選擇及進入模式等策略，且從海外市場的投入中學習會為企業注入新的所有權優勢。當企業擁有的所有權優勢的程度不同，其對於區位優勢及內部化優勢選擇的條件和目的會不同，因此產生國際化過程中三個階段：準國際化(pre-international)、準跨國企業(pre-MNE)及跨國企業(MNE)。針對營建業的特性，每個階段下可採用的國際化策略也有所不同。在準國際化階段的策略主要為跟隨客戶或夥伴；準跨國企業階段的策略為深耕市場；成為跨國企業後則以機會導向為主要策略。本研究最後以營造業和顧問業的實際案例加強論證。

This study develops a dynamic eclectic model of internationalization process. This study extends dynamic idea from U-model to discuss the eclectic paradigm in a more dynamic way and realize how internationalization process move forward and how the strategy varies with different conditions. In the model, the ownership advantage is regarded as a main factor drives the process of internationalization and it can affect choices of locational advantages and internalization advantages. By learning from international experiences, firms may accumulate ownership advantages gradually, thus reaching different stages: pre-international, pre-MNE, and MNE. Then under each stage, we develop specific strategies for construction and engineering firms based on different OLI configurations and their slightly different characteristics. The sequential strategies are clients/partners-following, market-seeking, and opportunities-driven. Our analysis is also confirmed by cases from construction and engineering firms.